Ancience India Chapter 5 - Chalcolithic Settlements — The Stone-Copper Phase

Ancience India Chapter 5 - Chalcolithic Settlements — The Stone-Copper Phase

Chapter 5: Chalcolithic Settlements — The Stone-Copper Phase

Study Notes

Question / Pointer	Answer / Explanation
What is the Chalcolithic phase?	Stone-Copper Phase; use of stone and copper implements.
When did the use of metals begin in India?	Towards the end of the Neolithic period.
Which metal was used first?	Copper.
Which implements characterised Chalcolithic cultures?	Stone and copper implements.
Earliest Chalcolithic settlement regions?	South-eastern Rajasthan, western Madhya Pradesh, western Maharashtra and eastern India.
Important Chalcolithic sites in south-eastern Rajasthan?	Ahar and Gilund.
Where are Ahar and Gilund located?	Dry zones of the Banas valley.
Important Chalcolithic sites in Malwa, western Madhya Pradesh?	Kayatha and Eran.
Where did the most extensive Chalcolithic excavations take place?	Western Maharashtra.
Chalcolithic sites in Ahmadnagar district?	Jorwe, Nevasa and Daimabad.
Chalcolithic sites in Pune district?	Chandoli, Songaon and Inamgaon.
Another important Chalcolithic site in Maharashtra?	Nasik.
Where were Maharashtra's Chalcolithic settlements generally located?	Semi-arid riverine tracts.
Soil and vegetation around Maharashtra's Chalcolithic sites?	Brown-black soil; ber and babul vegetation.
Where is Navdatoli situated?	On the Narmada River.
What evidence occurs at some Neolithic sites in Andhra Pradesh?	Chalcolithic cultural elements, but no copper objects.
Why were Chalcolithic sites found in the Allahabad region?	Presumably because of proximity to the Vindhyas.
Important Chalcolithic site on the Ganga in eastern India?	Chirand, Bihar.
Chalcolithic sites in West Bengal?	Pandu Rajar Dhibi (Burdwan) and Mahishdal (Midnapore).
What was the important component of Chalcolithic stone tools?	Stone blades.
Which stone tools continued alongside stone blades?	Stone axes.
What do the locations of many stone-blade industries suggest?	Proximity to hills, although many settlements were also riverine.
Where were copper implements particularly numerous?	Ahar and Gilund.
Which tools were absent at Ahar?	Stone axes and blades.
Why were copper objects numerous at Ahar?	Locally available raw copper.
Which industry existed at Gilund?	Stone-blade industry.
Where were flat, rectangular copper axes found?	Jorwe and Chandoli, Maharashtra.
Where were copper chisels found?	Chandoli.
Which pottery type was widely prevalent?	Black-and-red ware.
How was black-and-red pottery manufactured?	Wheel-turned.
What decoration sometimes appeared on black-and-red ware?	White linear designs.
Where was black-and-red ware found?	Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar and West Bengal.
Distinctive pottery forms in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra?	Channel-spouted pots, dishes-on-stand and bowls-on-stand.
Did all black-and-red pottery users share the same culture?	No; pottery forms and implements differed regionally.
Which animals were domesticated in south-eastern Rajasthan, western Madhya Pradesh and western Maharashtra?	Cows, sheep, goats, pigs and buffaloes.
Which wild animal was hunted?	Deer.
Which additional animal remains were discovered?	Camel.
Were Chalcolithic people certainly acquainted with horses?	No; horse, donkey or wild-ass identification of some remains is uncertain.
Did Chalcolithic people consume beef?	Yes.
Was pork consumed on a considerable scale?	No.
Which major cereals were produced?	Wheat and rice.
Which additional cereal was cultivated?	Bajra.
Which pulses were cultivated?	Lentil (masur), black gram, green gram and grass pea.
Where were numerous varieties of cereals discovered?	Navdatoli, on the Narmada.
Which additional crops were grown at Navdatoli?	Ber and linseed.
Where was cotton cultivated?	Black cotton soil of the Deccan.
Which crops were cultivated in the lower Deccan?	Ragi, bajra and several millets.
What evidence indicates fishing in eastern India?	Fish hooks found in Bihar and West Bengal.
Which staple food combination characterised eastern India?	Fish and rice.
Were burnt bricks commonly used?	No; they were seldom used.
What materials were used for houses?	Mostly wattle and daub; occasionally mud bricks.
What were Chalcolithic houses generally like?	Apparently thatched houses.
What house types were found in earlier Chalcolithic Inamgaon?	Large mud houses with ovens and circular pit houses.
Dates of Inamgaon's later phase?	1300–1000 BCE.
What was the layout of a later-phase Inamgaon house?	Five rooms: four rectangular and one circular.
What might the five-room house indicate?	Large families.
What was the later widespread settlement phase called?	Jorwe culture.
Why is it called Jorwe culture?	Jorwe village on the Pravara River was its type-site.
What characterised a Jorwe village?	Nucleated settlement with more than 35 houses.
What were the shapes of Jorwe houses?	Circular or rectangular, of different sizes.
What type of economy characterised Chalcolithic settlements?	Village economy.
Which settlements were fortified or surrounded by a moat?	Inamgaon, Eran and Kayatha.
Did Chalcolithic settlements constitute an urban civilisation?	No.
Which crafts were Chalcolithic people skilled in?	Copper smithing and stone working.
What were microliths?	Very small stone tools.
What evidence indicates spinning and weaving at Malwa?	Spindle whorls.
Which fibres or threads were found in Maharashtra?	Cotton, flax and silk threads.
What do these textile remains demonstrate?	Knowledge of cloth manufacture.
Which crops predominated in eastern versus western India?	Eastern India: rice; western India: barley and wheat.
Which settlements were chronologically earliest?	Kayatha and Eran in Malwa and central India.
When did western Maharashtra and eastern Indian settlements emerge relative to Kayatha and Eran?	Later.
How were the dead buried in Maharashtra?	In urns under house floors, in a north-to-south position.
Did Maharashtra Chalcolithic people use separate cemeteries?	No.
How did this differ from Harappan practice?	Harappans used separate cemeteries.
What accompanied the dead in graves?	Pots and some copper objects for use in the next world.
What do terracotta female figures suggest?	Veneration of the mother goddess.
What other figures were used for worship?	Unbaked nude clay figurines.
Where was a mother-goddess figure comparable to one in Western Asia discovered?	Inamgaon.
What did stylised bull terracottas in Malwa and Rajasthan suggest?	Bull worship or a bull-related religious cult.
What social development began during the Stone-Copper phase?	Social inequalities.
What were some children buried with at Chandoli and Nevasa?	Copper-bead necklaces.
What accompanied other children's burials?	Only pots as grave goods.
What accompanied an adult burial at Inamgaon?	Pottery and some copper.
What was found in one Kayatha house?	29 copper bangles and two unique axes.
Which semi-precious stone beads were found at Kayatha?	Steatite and carnelian.
What do valuable grave goods and objects suggest?	Affluence and social inequality.
When did the Chalcolithic phase begin, according to scientific dating?	Not earlier than 1800 BCE.
Until when did it continue in some regions?	1000 BCE.
Until when did it continue in other regions?	800 BCE or later.
What eventually replaced older tools?	Iron tools.
Until when did black-and-red pottery continue in many areas?	Second century BCE.
Importance of the Chalcolithic Phase
Where have traces of Chalcolithic cultures been found?	Almost all over India, except alluvial plains and thickly forested areas.
Where were Chalcolithic rural settlements commonly founded?	River banks, not far from hills.
Which tools were used with limited copper implements?	Microliths and other stone tools.
What metallurgical skill did most Chalcolithic communities probably possess?	Copper smelting.
What pottery feature was widespread among Chalcolithic communities?	Black-and-red wheel-turned pots.
What pottery innovation is attributed to Chalcolithic people?	Painted pottery.
What were their pots used for?	Cooking, eating and storing.
Which vessel was used, and which vessel left no trace?	Lota used; no trace of thali.
What was the South Indian transition from Neolithic to Chalcolithic like?	Imperceptible or gradual.
What are South Indian transitional cultures called?	Neolithic-Chalcolithic cultures.
What role did Chalcolithic people in western Maharashtra and Rajasthan appear to play?	Colonisers.
Sequence of settlement emergence described in the text?	Malwa/central India first; western Maharashtra later; West Bengal perhaps last.
What village-related achievement is attributed to Chalcolithic communities?	Foundation of India's first villages.
How did their cereal cultivation compare with that of Neolithic communities?	They cultivated far more cereals.
Important western Indian crops?	Barley, wheat and lentil.
Important southern and eastern Indian crop in the account?	Rice.
What supplemented cereal food?	Non-vegetarian food.
What characterised western India's diet?	Greater reliance on animal food.
What characterised eastern India's diet?	Fish and rice.
Where have more structural remains been found?	Western Maharashtra, western Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Rajasthan.
Which eastern sites had relatively poor structural remains?	Chirand and Pandu Rajar Dhibi.
What structural evidence was found at Chirand and Pandu Rajar Dhibi?	Postholes and round houses.
Burial orientation in Maharashtra versus South India?	Maharashtra: north–south; South India: east–west.
What burial type prevailed in Maharashtra?	Almost complete or extended burial.
What burial type prevailed in West Bengal?	Post-extraction or fractional burial.
Limitations of Chalcolithic Cultures
What indicates high infant mortality in western Maharashtra?	Burial of many children.
What was the infant mortality rate like despite food production?	Very high.
Possible causes of infant mortality?	Lack of nutrition, absence of medical knowledge or epidemics; causes uncertain.
What was the effect of the Chalcolithic social and economic pattern on longevity?	It did not promote longevity.
What was the basic character of the Stone-Copper culture?	Rural.
What was a key limitation of copper tools?	Limited supply; copper tools were pliant.
Which metalworking technique was unknown?	Mixing tin with copper to produce bronze.
Why was bronze important?	Bronze tools were stronger and more useful.
Where did bronze tools facilitate early civilisations?	Crete, Egypt and Mesopotamia.
How prevalent were bronze tools in most of Chalcolithic India?	Practically absent.
Which two major features of civilisation were absent in the Stone-Copper Age?	Writing and cities.
Where do writing and urban civilisation first appear in the Indian subcontinent, according to the text?	Indus region.
Did most later Indian Stone-Copper cultures substantially benefit from Indus technology?	No.
The Copper Age in India
How many copper hoards have been discovered?	More than 40.
What area do copper hoards extend across?	Chotanagpur plateau to the upper Gangetic basin.
Where are nearly half the copper hoards concentrated?	Ganga–Yamuna doab.
What is the distribution of hoards outside the doab?	Mostly stray finds in other regions.
Which objects comprise copper hoards?	Celts, harpoons, antennae swords and anthropomorphic figures.
What were copper-hoard artefacts used for?	Fishing, hunting, fighting, artisanal work and agriculture.
What do copper-hoard artefacts imply about their makers?	Technological skill and metallurgical knowledge.
Could copper-hoard artefacts simply be attributed to nomadic hunters?	No; they imply more specialised skills and settled production.
What was associated with copper objects in parts of the upper Gangetic basin?	Ochre-coloured pottery and some mud structures.
What lifestyle did these associations indicate?	Settled life; early primitive agriculture and artisan activity.
Where are most ochre-coloured pottery sites located?	Upper Ganga–Yamuna doab.
Where else have copper hoards been found?	Bihar plateau and neighbouring regions.
Where were many copper celts found in Rajasthan?	Khetri zone.
Approximate date of the Ochre-Coloured Pottery culture?	2000–1800 BCE.
What happened after ochre-coloured pottery settlements disappeared?	Little evidence of habitation in the doab until about 1000 BCE.
What pottery is associated with some later habitation?	Black-and-red ware.
What limits our understanding of this later habitation?	Thin deposits and poor antiquities.
What marked the beginning of the Metal Age in the upper Gangetic basin?	Settlements of copper-using Ochre-Coloured Pottery people.
How long did these settlements generally last?	No more than about a century or so.
What was their size and geographical spread?	Limited; neither large nor widespread.
Why did these settlements end?	Unknown.
What religious practice may have originated in the Copper Age?	Sanctity and religious purity associated with copper vessels and utensils in Hindu religion.
Who were contemporaries of the copper-hoard people?	Harappans.
How were copper-hoard and Harappan regions geographically related?	The Ochre-Coloured Pottery area was not far from the Harappan area.
What interaction might have occurred between the two groups?	Exchange of ideas, goods or techniques between copper-using people and bronze-using Harappans.
Map: Chalcolithic Sites and Regional Systems
Indus System sites shown on the map	Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Ropar, Suratgarh, Hanumangarh, Chanhu-daro, Jhukar, Amri and Jhangar.
Ganges System sites shown on the map	Kausambi and Alamgirpur.
Brahmaputra System	Regional system identified; no site names legible in the supplied extract.
Mahanadi System	Regional system identified; no site names legible in the supplied extract.
Chambal System sites shown on the map	Pseva, Nagda, Paramar-Kheri, Tungni, Metwa, Takraoda, Bhilsuri, Maori, Ghata-Bilod, Betwa, Bilawali and Ashta (spellings follow the supplied text/OCR where legible).
Rajputana–Saurashtra sites shown on the map	Rangpur, Ahar, Prashas Patan, Lakhabawal, Lothal, Pithadia, Rojdi and Adkot.
Narmada System sites shown on the map	Navdatoli, Maheshwar, Bhagatrav, Telod, Mehgam and Hasanpur.
Tapi System sites shown on the map	Prakash and Bahal.
Godavari–Pravara System sites shown on the map	Jorwe, Nasik, Kopargaon, Nevasa and Daimabad.
Bhima System sites shown on the map	Koregaon, Chandoli, Umbraj, Chanegaon, Anachi, Hingni and Nagarhalli.
Karnataka sites shown on the map	Brahmagiri, Piklihal and Maski.
Which two textbook exercises conclude the chapter?	1. First metal and its effects on life. 2. Account of Indian culture in the Stone-Copper phase.

MCQs

1 The Chalcolithic phase is also known as which of the following?

1. Iron Age
2. Stone-Copper Phase
3. Bronze Age
4. Late Vedic Phase

1. Iron Age ❌
2. Stone-Copper Phase ✅ Chalcolithic cultures used both stone and copper implements.
3. Bronze Age ❌
4. Late Vedic Phase ❌

2 Which metal was first used towards the end of the Neolithic period?

1. Iron
2. Bronze
3. Copper
4. Silver

1. Iron ❌
2. Bronze ❌
3. Copper ✅ Copper was the first metal mentioned in the account.
4. Silver ❌

3 Which group correctly identifies the earliest Chalcolithic settlement regions mentioned in the text?

1. Punjab, Kashmir and Gujarat only
2. South-eastern Rajasthan, western Madhya Pradesh, western Maharashtra and eastern India
3. Kerala, Tamil Nadu and coastal Karnataka only
4. Upper Assam and the Himalayan region only

1. Punjab, Kashmir and Gujarat only ❌
2. South-eastern Rajasthan, western Madhya Pradesh, western Maharashtra and eastern India ✅ These are the regions specified in the chapter.
3. Kerala, Tamil Nadu and coastal Karnataka only ❌
4. Upper Assam and the Himalayan region only ❌

4 Which two Chalcolithic sites were excavated in south-eastern Rajasthan?

1. Ahar and Gilund
2. Jorwe and Nevasa
3. Kayatha and Eran
4. Chirand and Mahishdal

1. Ahar and Gilund ✅ Both are in the dry zones of the Banas valley.
2. Jorwe and Nevasa ❌
3. Kayatha and Eran ❌
4. Chirand and Mahishdal ❌

5 Ahar and Gilund are situated in the valley of which river?

1. Narmada
2. Banas
3. Pravara
4. Godavari

1. Narmada ❌
2. Banas ✅ The sites lie in the dry zones of the Banas valley.
3. Pravara ❌
4. Godavari ❌

6 Which pair represents important Chalcolithic sites in Malwa?

1. Ahar and Gilund
2. Kayatha and Eran
3. Chirand and Mahishdal
4. Jorwe and Daimabad

1. Ahar and Gilund ❌
2. Kayatha and Eran ✅ Both were excavated in western Madhya Pradesh, in Malwa.
3. Chirand and Mahishdal ❌
4. Jorwe and Daimabad ❌

7 The most extensive Chalcolithic excavations in the account took place in which region?

1. Eastern Rajasthan
2. Western Maharashtra
3. Coastal Bengal
4. Punjab

1. Eastern Rajasthan ❌
2. Western Maharashtra ✅ Numerous sites, including Jorwe, Nevasa, Daimabad and Inamgaon, were excavated there.
3. Coastal Bengal ❌
4. Punjab ❌

8 Which sites are located in Ahmadnagar district, Maharashtra, according to the text?

1. Jorwe, Nevasa and Daimabad
2. Chandoli, Songaon and Inamgaon
3. Ahar, Gilund and Eran
4. Chirand, Mahishdal and Pandu Rajar Dhibi

1. Jorwe, Nevasa and Daimabad ✅ These are the sites listed for Ahmadnagar district.
2. Chandoli, Songaon and Inamgaon ❌ These are listed for Pune district.
3. Ahar, Gilund and Eran ❌
4. Chirand, Mahishdal and Pandu Rajar Dhibi ❌

9 Which of the following sites are listed in Pune district?

1. Chandoli, Songaon and Inamgaon
2. Jorwe, Nevasa and Daimabad
3. Kayatha, Eran and Gilund
4. Chirand, Ahar and Nasik

1. Chandoli, Songaon and Inamgaon ✅ These are the Pune district sites in the account.
2. Jorwe, Nevasa and Daimabad ❌
3. Kayatha, Eran and Gilund ❌
4. Chirand, Ahar and Nasik ❌

10 Which characteristics describe the general location of Maharashtra's Chalcolithic sites?

1. Humid coastal areas with red soil
2. Semi-arid riverine tracts with brown-black soil
3. High Himalayan valleys
4. Thickly forested alluvial plains only

1. Humid coastal areas with red soil ❌
2. Semi-arid riverine tracts with brown-black soil ✅ The sites were mostly in semi-arid riverine settings with ber and babul vegetation.
3. High Himalayan valleys ❌
4. Thickly forested alluvial plains only ❌

11 Navdatoli was situated on which river?

1. Banas
2. Pravara
3. Narmada
4. Ganga

1. Banas ❌
2. Pravara ❌
3. Narmada ✅ Navdatoli is identified as being on the bank of the Narmada.
4. Ganga ❌

12 Which statement about Chalcolithic elements in Andhra Pradesh is correct?

1. Numerous copper objects were found at every site.
2. Some Chalcolithic elements entered Neolithic sites, but copper objects were absent.
3. No Neolithic sites existed there.
4. All sites were urban centres.

1. Numerous copper objects were found at every site. ❌
2. Some Chalcolithic elements entered Neolithic sites, but copper objects were absent. ✅ This is the distinction made in the chapter.
3. No Neolithic sites existed there. ❌
4. All sites were urban centres. ❌

13 The presumed reason for the discovery of several Chalcolithic sites in the Allahabad region was proximity to which geographical feature?

1. Aravalli Hills
2. Vindhyas
3. Western Ghats
4. Himalayas

1. Aravalli Hills ❌
2. Vindhyas ✅ The chapter explicitly suggests proximity to the Vindhyas.
3. Western Ghats ❌
4. Himalayas ❌

14 Which combination correctly matches eastern Indian Chalcolithic sites with their locations?

1. Chirand—Bihar; Pandu Rajar Dhibi—Burdwan; Mahishdal—Midnapore
2. Chirand—Rajasthan; Pandu Rajar Dhibi—Pune; Mahishdal—Malwa
3. Chirand—Maharashtra; Pandu Rajar Dhibi—Bihar; Mahishdal—Rajasthan
4. All three were in Madhya Pradesh

1. Chirand—Bihar; Pandu Rajar Dhibi—Burdwan; Mahishdal—Midnapore ✅ The latter two sites are in West Bengal.
2. Chirand—Rajasthan; Pandu Rajar Dhibi—Pune; Mahishdal—Malwa ❌
3. Chirand—Maharashtra; Pandu Rajar Dhibi—Bihar; Mahishdal—Rajasthan ❌
4. All three were in Madhya Pradesh ❌

15 Which component occupied an important position in Chalcolithic stone-tool industries?

1. Iron blades
2. Stone blades
3. Bronze ploughs
4. Steel swords

1. Iron blades ❌
2. Stone blades ✅ Stone blades were important, although stone axes also continued to be used.
3. Bronze ploughs ❌
4. Steel swords ❌

16 Which statement correctly distinguishes Ahar from Gilund?

1. Ahar had no copper objects, while Gilund had no stone tools.
2. Stone axes and blades were absent at Ahar, while Gilund had a stone-blade industry.
3. Both were major urban centres.
4. Both were located on the Ganga.

1. Ahar had no copper objects, while Gilund had no stone tools. ❌
2. Stone axes and blades were absent at Ahar, while Gilund had a stone-blade industry. ✅ The chapter contrasts their tool assemblages.
3. Both were major urban centres. ❌
4. Both were located on the Ganga. ❌

17 Flat, rectangular copper axes were discovered at which sites?

1. Ahar and Gilund
2. Jorwe and Chandoli
3. Chirand and Mahishdal
4. Kayatha and Eran only

1. Ahar and Gilund ❌
2. Jorwe and Chandoli ✅ Both are in Maharashtra.
3. Chirand and Mahishdal ❌
4. Kayatha and Eran only ❌

18 Copper chisels were found at which Chalcolithic site?

1. Chandoli
2. Chirand
3. Navdatoli
4. Gilund

1. Chandoli ✅ The text specifically records copper chisels at Chandoli.
2. Chirand ❌
3. Navdatoli ❌
4. Gilund ❌

19 Which pottery was widely prevalent among Chalcolithic cultures?

1. Grey ware exclusively
2. Black-and-red ware
3. Northern Black Polished Ware exclusively
4. Porcelain

1. Grey ware exclusively ❌
2. Black-and-red ware ✅ It was wheel-turned and sometimes decorated with white linear designs.
3. Northern Black Polished Ware exclusively ❌
4. Porcelain ❌

20 Which decorative feature sometimes appeared on black-and-red pottery?

1. White linear designs
2. Blue glazed floral designs
3. Gold inscriptions
4. Persian calligraphy

1. White linear designs ✅ The ware was occasionally painted with white linear patterns.
2. Blue glazed floral designs ❌
3. Gold inscriptions ❌
4. Persian calligraphy ❌

21 Which pottery forms were produced in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra?

1. Channel-spouted pots, dishes-on-stand and bowls-on-stand
2. Only porcelain cups
3. Only storage jars with inscriptions
4. Glazed tiles and amphorae

1. Channel-spouted pots, dishes-on-stand and bowls-on-stand ✅ These are the distinctive forms mentioned.
2. Only porcelain cups ❌
3. Only storage jars with inscriptions ❌
4. Glazed tiles and amphorae ❌

22 What does the variation in pottery and implements among black-and-red ware users indicate?

1. All users had exactly the same culture.
2. Regional cultural differences existed.
3. They all lived in cities.
4. They all used iron tools.

1. All users had exactly the same culture. ❌
2. Regional cultural differences existed. ✅ Shared pottery colour does not prove identical cultures; forms and implements varied.
3. They all lived in cities. ❌
4. They all used iron tools. ❌

23 Which group contains only animals listed as domesticated in the Stone-Copper phase?

1. Cows, sheep, goats, pigs and buffaloes
2. Lions, tigers, elephants and rhinoceroses
3. Wolves, foxes, bears and leopards
4. Only horses and camels

1. Cows, sheep, goats, pigs and buffaloes ✅ These animals are specifically listed as domesticated.
2. Lions, tigers, elephants and rhinoceroses ❌
3. Wolves, foxes, bears and leopards ❌
4. Only horses and camels ❌

24 Which wild animal is specifically mentioned as being hunted?

1. Deer
2. Polar bear
3. Kangaroo
4. Yak

1. Deer ✅ Deer hunting is recorded in the chapter.
2. Polar bear ❌
3. Kangaroo ❌
4. Yak ❌

25 What does the text conclude about horse domestication among Chalcolithic people?

1. It was conclusively established everywhere.
2. It is uncertain because some remains could belong to a horse, donkey or wild ass.
3. Horses were completely unknown throughout Asia.
4. Only horses were domesticated.

1. It was conclusively established everywhere. ❌
2. It is uncertain because some remains could belong to a horse, donkey or wild ass. ✅ The identification is explicitly uncertain.
3. Horses were completely unknown throughout Asia. ❌
4. Only horses were domesticated. ❌

26 Which statement about meat consumption is supported by the text?

1. Beef was consumed, but pork was not eaten on a considerable scale.
2. Neither beef nor any other animal food was eaten.
3. Pork was the only food consumed.
4. Only fish was eaten throughout India.

1. Beef was consumed, but pork was not eaten on a considerable scale. ✅ Both details are explicitly stated.
2. Neither beef nor any other animal food was eaten. ❌
3. Pork was the only food consumed. ❌
4. Only fish was eaten throughout India. ❌

27 Which combination contains the cereals and pulses mentioned in the chapter?

1. Wheat, rice, bajra, lentil, black gram, green gram and grass pea
2. Only maize, potato and tobacco
3. Only barley and sugarcane
4. Tea, coffee and rubber

1. Wheat, rice, bajra, lentil, black gram, green gram and grass pea ✅ All these crops are listed in the chapter.
2. Only maize, potato and tobacco ❌
3. Only barley and sugarcane ❌
4. Tea, coffee and rubber ❌

28 Which site yielded an especially large range of cereal remains?

1. Navdatoli
2. Harappa alone
3. Alamgirpur
4. Maski

1. Navdatoli ✅ The account says that perhaps no other Indian site had yielded so many cereals through excavation.
2. Harappa alone ❌
3. Alamgirpur ❌
4. Maski ❌

29 Which additional crops are specifically associated with Navdatoli?

1. Ber and linseed
2. Tea and coffee
3. Jute and rubber
4. Apple and walnut

1. Ber and linseed ✅ Both are mentioned as crops produced at Navdatoli.
2. Tea and coffee ❌
3. Jute and rubber ❌
4. Apple and walnut ❌

30 Where was cotton produced, according to the account?

1. Black cotton soil of the Deccan
2. Only the Himalayan foothills
3. Only the Ganga delta
4. Only the Thar Desert

1. Black cotton soil of the Deccan ✅ The text specifically associates cotton with this soil.
2. Only the Himalayan foothills ❌
3. Only the Ganga delta ❌
4. Only the Thar Desert ❌

31 Which crops were cultivated in the lower Deccan?

1. Ragi, bajra and several millets
2. Only rice and tea
3. Only wheat and barley
4. Only cotton and jute

1. Ragi, bajra and several millets ✅ These crops are specifically associated with the lower Deccan.
2. Only rice and tea ❌
3. Only wheat and barley ❌
4. Only cotton and jute ❌

32 What combination of evidence supports the importance of fishing in eastern India?

1. Fish hooks and rice remains in Bihar and West Bengal
2. Bronze ships and wheat alone
3. Horse bones and barley alone
4. Iron anchors and tea remains

1. Fish hooks and rice remains in Bihar and West Bengal ✅ The text infers a fish-and-rice diet from this evidence.
2. Bronze ships and wheat alone ❌
3. Horse bones and barley alone ❌
4. Iron anchors and tea remains ❌

33 Which statement best describes Chalcolithic construction materials?

1. Burnt bricks were universally used.
2. Burnt bricks were rare; houses were mostly wattle-and-daub, sometimes using mud bricks.
3. All houses were made of stone blocks.
4. All houses were built of iron and timber.

1. Burnt bricks were universally used. ❌
2. Burnt bricks were rare; houses were mostly wattle-and-daub, sometimes using mud bricks. ✅ This matches the evidence described.
3. All houses were made of stone blocks. ❌
4. All houses were built of iron and timber. ❌

34 Which structures were discovered at Inamgaon in its earlier Chalcolithic phase?

1. Large mud houses with ovens and circular pit houses
2. Palaces and stone theatres
3. Brick temples with iron roofs
4. Multi-storeyed urban apartments

1. Large mud houses with ovens and circular pit houses ✅ Both types are mentioned for the earlier phase.
2. Palaces and stone theatres ❌
3. Brick temples with iron roofs ❌
4. Multi-storeyed urban apartments ❌

35 The later phase of Inamgaon mentioned in the text dates to which period?

1. 3000–2500 BCE
2. 1300–1000 BCE
3. 600–300 BCE
4. 100 CE–300 CE

1. 3000–2500 BCE ❌
2. 1300–1000 BCE ✅ The text dates the later phase to this interval.
3. 600–300 BCE ❌
4. 100 CE–300 CE ❌

36 What was the room arrangement of a later-phase house at Inamgaon?

1. Five rooms: four rectangular and one circular
2. Three circular rooms only
3. Two rooms, both square
4. Ten rectangular rooms only

1. Five rooms: four rectangular and one circular ✅ The arrangement suggests that families could be large.
2. Three circular rooms only ❌
3. Two rooms, both square ❌
4. Ten rectangular rooms only ❌

37 Why is the later widespread settlement phase called the Jorwe culture?

1. It originated in a city called Jorwe on the Indus.
2. Its type-site was Jorwe village on the Pravara River.
3. It was named after a copper mine in Bihar.
4. It was named after a Harappan ruler.

1. It originated in a city called Jorwe on the Indus. ❌
2. Its type-site was Jorwe village on the Pravara River. ✅ This is the stated origin of the culture's name.
3. It was named after a copper mine in Bihar. ❌
4. It was named after a Harappan ruler. ❌

38 What was the typical settlement pattern of a Jorwe village?

1. A nucleated village with more than 35 houses
2. A scattered camp with two temporary huts
3. A large imperial city with thousands of houses
4. A nomadic camp without houses

1. A nucleated village with more than 35 houses ✅ Houses were of different sizes and circular or rectangular in shape.
2. A scattered camp with two temporary huts ❌
3. A large imperial city with thousands of houses ❌
4. A nomadic camp without houses ❌

39 Which settlements are specifically identified as fortified or surrounded by a moat?

1. Inamgaon, Eran and Kayatha
2. Chirand, Mahishdal and Ahar only
3. Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and Lothal only
4. All settlements without exception

1. Inamgaon, Eran and Kayatha ✅ The chapter identifies these fortified settlements.
2. Chirand, Mahishdal and Ahar only ❌
3. Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and Lothal only ❌
4. All settlements without exception ❌

40 Which conclusion does the chapter draw about Chalcolithic settlements?

1. They formed a fully urban civilisation.
2. They had a village economy and did not constitute an urban civilisation.
3. They were exclusively nomadic.
4. They relied entirely on imported food.

1. They formed a fully urban civilisation. ❌
2. They had a village economy and did not constitute an urban civilisation. ✅ Even some fortified settlements remained non-urban.
3. They were exclusively nomadic. ❌
4. They relied entirely on imported food. ❌

41 What are microliths?

1. Very small stone tools
2. Large iron ploughs
3. Bronze inscriptions
4. Burnt-brick houses

1. Very small stone tools ✅ Numerous small stone tools belonging to this culture are called microliths.
2. Large iron ploughs ❌
3. Bronze inscriptions ❌
4. Burnt-brick houses ❌

42 Which evidence indicates spinning and weaving in Malwa?

1. Spindle whorls
2. Iron needles exclusively
3. Paper manuscripts
4. Silk trade records

1. Spindle whorls ✅ Their discovery indicates knowledge of spinning.
2. Iron needles exclusively ❌
3. Paper manuscripts ❌
4. Silk trade records ❌

43 Which textile-related remains were found in Maharashtra?

1. Cotton, flax and silk threads
2. Only woollen carpets
3. Paper and jute sacks
4. Only synthetic fibres

1. Cotton, flax and silk threads ✅ These finds indicate familiarity with cloth manufacture.
2. Only woollen carpets ❌
3. Paper and jute sacks ❌
4. Only synthetic fibres ❌

44 Which statement about regional crop patterns is correct according to the chapter?

1. Eastern India produced rice; western India cultivated barley and wheat.
2. Eastern India cultivated only barley; western India only rice.
3. Every region cultivated exactly the same crops.
4. No Chalcolithic community cultivated cereals.

1. Eastern India produced rice; western India cultivated barley and wheat. ✅ This is the regional distinction given in the text.
2. Eastern India cultivated only barley; western India only rice. ❌
3. Every region cultivated exactly the same crops. ❌
4. No Chalcolithic community cultivated cereals. ❌

45 Which sites are identified as chronologically earliest among the regional settlements discussed?

1. Kayatha and Eran
2. Jorwe and Inamgaon
3. Pandu Rajar Dhibi and Mahishdal
4. Chandoli and Nasik

1. Kayatha and Eran ✅ The chapter identifies these Malwa and central Indian settlements as the earliest.
2. Jorwe and Inamgaon ❌
3. Pandu Rajar Dhibi and Mahishdal ❌
4. Chandoli and Nasik ❌

46 How were the dead commonly buried in Chalcolithic Maharashtra?

1. In urns beneath house floors, oriented north–south
2. Only in monumental stone pyramids
3. In separate cemeteries exclusively
4. Always in an east–west orientation

1. In urns beneath house floors, oriented north–south ✅ The text says separate cemeteries were not used for this purpose.
2. Only in monumental stone pyramids ❌
3. In separate cemeteries exclusively ❌
4. Always in an east–west orientation ❌ That orientation is attributed to South India in the comparison.

47 What was placed in graves alongside the dead in Maharashtra?

1. Pots and some copper objects
2. Printed books and coins
3. Iron cannons and firearms
4. Only gold crowns in every burial

1. Pots and some copper objects ✅ These were apparently deposited for use in the next world.
2. Printed books and coins ❌
3. Iron cannons and firearms ❌
4. Only gold crowns in every burial ❌

48 What do terracotta female figures suggest about Chalcolithic religious beliefs?

1. Veneration of the mother goddess
2. Exclusive worship of iron tools
3. Absence of religious practices
4. Worship of written manuscripts

1. Veneration of the mother goddess ✅ Female terracotta figures are interpreted as evidence of mother-goddess worship.
2. Exclusive worship of iron tools ❌
3. Absence of religious practices ❌
4. Worship of written manuscripts ❌

49 A mother-goddess figure comparable to one in Western Asia was discovered at which site?

1. Inamgaon
2. Harappa
3. Chirand
4. Alamgirpur

1. Inamgaon ✅ The chapter specifically mentions this discovery at Inamgaon.
2. Harappa ❌
3. Chirand ❌
4. Alamgirpur ❌

50 What did stylised bull terracottas from Malwa and Rajasthan suggest?

1. A bull-related religious cult
2. Horse racing as the only ritual
3. Absence of animal symbolism
4. Use of bulls exclusively for writing

1. A bull-related religious cult ✅ The bull appears to have had religious significance.
2. Horse racing as the only ritual ❌
3. Absence of animal symbolism ❌
4. Use of bulls exclusively for writing ❌

51 What social development began to appear during the Stone-Copper phase?

1. Social inequalities
2. Universal equality demonstrated by all burials
3. Modern democratic institutions
4. A complete absence of wealth differences

1. Social inequalities ✅ Differences in grave goods and valuable possessions indicate emerging inequalities.
2. Universal equality demonstrated by all burials ❌
3. Modern democratic institutions ❌
4. A complete absence of wealth differences ❌

52 What distinguishes some children's burials at Chandoli and Nevasa?

1. Copper-bead necklaces in some burials, but only pots in others
2. Identical gold crowns in every burial
3. Written records in every grave
4. Only iron weapons

1. Copper-bead necklaces in some burials, but only pots in others ✅ The contrast indicates differences in grave goods.
2. Identical gold crowns in every burial ❌
3. Written records in every grave ❌
4. Only iron weapons ❌

53 Which objects were discovered in one house at Kayatha?

1. 29 copper bangles and two unique axes
2. 29 iron swords and two gold crowns
3. Only pottery and no metal objects
4. 29 bronze chariots

1. 29 copper bangles and two unique axes ✅ The objects suggest the affluence of their possessor.
2. 29 iron swords and two gold crowns ❌
3. Only pottery and no metal objects ❌
4. 29 bronze chariots ❌

54 Which semi-precious stones are mentioned among the finds at Kayatha?

1. Steatite and carnelian
2. Diamond and emerald only
3. Ruby and sapphire only
4. Turquoise and jade only

1. Steatite and carnelian ✅ Beads of these materials were found in earthen pots at Kayatha.
2. Diamond and emerald only ❌
3. Ruby and sapphire only ❌
4. Turquoise and jade only ❌

55 According to the scientific dating cited in the text, the Chalcolithic phase was not older than which date?

1. 5000 BCE
2. 3000 BCE
3. 1800 BCE
4. 500 BCE

1. 5000 BCE ❌
2. 3000 BCE ❌
3. 1800 BCE ✅ The text states that the phase was not older than 1800 BCE.
4. 500 BCE ❌

56 In some areas, the Chalcolithic phase continued until approximately which date?

1. 3000 BCE
2. 1000 BCE
3. 200 CE
4. 1000 CE

1. 3000 BCE ❌
2. 1000 BCE ✅ The text gives 1000 BCE for some areas and 800 BCE or later for others.
3. 200 CE ❌
4. 1000 CE ❌

57 Until when did black-and-red pottery continue in many parts of India?

1. Second century BCE
2. Second century CE only
3. First century BCE only
4. Twelfth century CE

1. Second century BCE ✅ The chapter says black-and-red pottery continued in many areas until this period.
2. Second century CE only ❌
3. First century BCE only ❌
4. Twelfth century CE ❌

58 Which regions are excluded from the chapter's broad statement that Chalcolithic traces occur almost all over India?

1. Alluvial plains and thickly forested areas
2. All river valleys and hills
3. Only the Deccan plateau
4. Only the coastal regions

1. Alluvial plains and thickly forested areas ✅ These are the stated exceptions.
2. All river valleys and hills ❌
3. Only the Deccan plateau ❌
4. Only the coastal regions ❌

59 What did Chalcolithic communities use alongside limited copper tools?

1. Microliths and other stone tools
2. Steel machines
3. Only bronze weapons
4. Gunpowder weapons

1. Microliths and other stone tools ✅ Stone tools remained important throughout the phase.
2. Steel machines ❌
3. Only bronze weapons ❌
4. Gunpowder weapons ❌

60 Which vessel is mentioned as used during the Chalcolithic phase, while no trace of another is reported?

1. Lota was used; no trace of thali was found.
2. Thali was used; no trace of lota was found.
3. Neither vessel was used.
4. Both were made exclusively of iron.

1. Lota was used; no trace of thali was found. ✅ This is the distinction made in the text.
2. Thali was used; no trace of lota was found. ❌
3. Neither vessel was used. ❌
4. Both were made exclusively of iron. ❌

61 What are the transitional cultures in South India called?

1. Neolithic-Chalcolithic cultures
2. Iron-Harappan cultures
3. Vedic-Urban cultures
4. Gupta-Chalcolithic cultures

1. Neolithic-Chalcolithic cultures ✅ The Neolithic phase gradually faded into the Stone-Copper phase in South India.
2. Iron-Harappan cultures ❌
3. Vedic-Urban cultures ❌
4. Gupta-Chalcolithic cultures ❌

62 Which achievement is attributed to Chalcolithic communities in India?

1. Founding the first villages in India
2. Building all the earliest Indian skyscrapers
3. Inventing printing presses
4. Creating the first railway network

1. Founding the first villages in India ✅ The chapter attributes the foundation of India's first villages to Chalcolithic communities.
2. Building all the earliest Indian skyscrapers ❌
3. Inventing printing presses ❌
4. Creating the first railway network ❌

63 Which crop pattern is described for western India?

1. Barley, wheat and lentil
2. Only rice and tea
3. Only ragi and coffee
4. Only maize and potatoes

1. Barley, wheat and lentil ✅ These crops are specifically highlighted for western India.
2. Only rice and tea ❌
3. Only ragi and coffee ❌
4. Only maize and potatoes ❌

64 Which burial practices are correctly matched with their regions?

1. Maharashtra—north–south; South India—east–west
2. Maharashtra—east–west; South India—north–south
3. Both regions—only north–south
4. Both regions—only east–west

1. Maharashtra—north–south; South India—east–west ✅ This is the regional contrast provided by the chapter.
2. Maharashtra—east–west; South India—north–south ❌
3. Both regions—only north–south ❌
4. Both regions—only east–west ❌

65 Which burial practice prevailed in West Bengal, according to the text?

1. Post-extraction or fractional burial
2. Only urn burial beneath house floors
3. Only extended burial
4. Burial in monumental pyramids

1. Post-extraction or fractional burial ✅ This is contrasted with almost complete or extended burial in Maharashtra.
2. Only urn burial beneath house floors ❌
3. Only extended burial ❌
4. Burial in monumental pyramids ❌

66 What does the burial of many children in western Maharashtra indicate?

1. High infant mortality
2. Universal adult longevity
3. Absence of settlements
4. Widespread literacy

1. High infant mortality ✅ The text treats numerous child burials as evidence of high infant mortality.
2. Universal adult longevity ❌
3. Absence of settlements ❌
4. Widespread literacy ❌

67 Which of the following is NOT offered as a possible cause of high infant mortality?

1. Lack of nutrition
2. Absence of medical knowledge
3. Outbreak of epidemics
4. Use of modern antibiotics

1. Lack of nutrition ❌ This is suggested as a possible cause.
2. Absence of medical knowledge ❌ This is suggested as a possible cause.
3. Outbreak of epidemics ❌ This is suggested as a possible cause.
4. Use of modern antibiotics ✅ This is not proposed in the chapter; the actual cause remains uncertain.

68 What was the main technological limitation of copper tools?

1. Copper was pliant and its supply was limited.
2. Copper was harder than all known metals.
3. Copper could not be shaped at all.
4. Copper was available in unlimited quantities everywhere.

1. Copper was pliant and its supply was limited. ✅ The text identifies both limited supply and the metal's pliancy as weaknesses.
2. Copper was harder than all known metals. ❌
3. Copper could not be shaped at all. ❌
4. Copper was available in unlimited quantities everywhere. ❌

69 Which metalworking technique was unknown to Chalcolithic people, according to the text?

1. Mixing tin with copper to make bronze
2. Shaping stone blades
3. Making pottery on a wheel
4. Using copper in any form

1. Mixing tin with copper to make bronze ✅ The text says they did not know how to make the stronger metal bronze.
2. Shaping stone blades ❌
3. Making pottery on a wheel ❌
4. Using copper in any form ❌

70 Bronze tools facilitated the rise of early civilisations in which regions?

1. Crete, Egypt and Mesopotamia
2. Only the Ganga valley
3. Only western Maharashtra
4. Only the Himalayan region

1. Crete, Egypt and Mesopotamia ✅ These are the civilisations named in the chapter.
2. Only the Ganga valley ❌
3. Only western Maharashtra ❌
4. Only the Himalayan region ❌

71 Which features of civilisation were absent among the Stone-Copper Age communities discussed?

1. Writing and cities
2. Villages and agriculture
3. Stone tools and pottery
4. Animals and crops

1. Writing and cities ✅ The chapter distinguishes these communities from urban Bronze Age civilisations.
2. Villages and agriculture ❌ Both were present.
3. Stone tools and pottery ❌ Both were used.
4. Animals and crops ❌ Both were part of their economy.

72 Where does the text locate the first appearance of writing and urban civilisation in the Indian subcontinent?

1. Indus region
2. Lower Deccan exclusively
3. Chotanagpur plateau exclusively
4. West Bengal exclusively

1. Indus region ✅ The chapter associates these features with the Indus civilisation.
2. Lower Deccan exclusively ❌
3. Chotanagpur plateau exclusively ❌
4. West Bengal exclusively ❌

73 How many copper-object hoards have been found across the regions described?

1. Fewer than five
2. More than forty
3. Exactly ten
4. More than five hundred, according to the text

1. Fewer than five ❌
2. More than forty ✅ The account records more than forty copper hoards.
3. Exactly ten ❌
4. More than five hundred, according to the text ❌

74 Nearly half of the copper hoards are concentrated in which region?

1. Ganga–Yamuna doab
2. Malabar Coast
3. Kashmir Valley
4. Coromandel Coast

1. Ganga–Yamuna doab ✅ Nearly half of the reported hoards are concentrated there.
2. Malabar Coast ❌
3. Kashmir Valley ❌
4. Coromandel Coast ❌

75 Which objects are included among copper hoards?

1. Celts, harpoons, antennae swords and anthropomorphic figures
2. Only coins and inscriptions
3. Only iron ploughshares
4. Only pottery and stone beads

1. Celts, harpoons, antennae swords and anthropomorphic figures ✅ These are the object types listed in the text.
2. Only coins and inscriptions ❌
3. Only iron ploughshares ❌
4. Only pottery and stone beads ❌

76 What functions did copper-hoard artefacts serve?

1. Fishing, hunting, fighting, artisanal work and agriculture
2. Writing, printing and photography only
3. Religious worship only
4. Decoration exclusively

1. Fishing, hunting, fighting, artisanal work and agriculture ✅ The chapter assigns these multiple practical uses.
2. Writing, printing and photography only ❌
3. Religious worship only ❌
4. Decoration exclusively ❌

77 What do copper hoards associated with ochre-coloured pottery and mud structures suggest?

1. Settled communities engaged in early agriculture and artisan activities
2. Only nomadic hunting groups without settlements
3. Fully industrial urban centres
4. Communities that never used copper

1. Settled communities engaged in early agriculture and artisan activities ✅ The associated material remains suggest settled life and productive work.
2. Only nomadic hunting groups without settlements ❌
3. Fully industrial urban centres ❌
4. Communities that never used copper ❌

78 Where are most Ochre-Coloured Pottery sites found?

1. Upper portion of the Ganga–Yamuna doab
2. Only the southern coast
3. Only the Brahmaputra delta
4. Only the Himalayan peaks

1. Upper portion of the Ganga–Yamuna doab ✅ The text identifies this as the main concentration.
2. Only the southern coast ❌
3. Only the Brahmaputra delta ❌
4. Only the Himalayan peaks ❌

79 Which additional region is mentioned for copper-hoard finds outside the upper doab?

1. Bihar plateau and neighbouring regions
2. Only Sri Lanka
3. Only the Andaman Islands
4. Only the Thar Desert

1. Bihar plateau and neighbouring regions ✅ Copper hoards occur there as well as in the upper doab.
2. Only Sri Lanka ❌
3. Only the Andaman Islands ❌
4. Only the Thar Desert ❌

80 Many copper celts were found in which Rajasthan region?

1. Khetri zone
2. Udaipur city only
3. Jaisalmer fort
4. Mount Abu summit only

1. Khetri zone ✅ The text specifically mentions many copper celts from Khetri.
2. Udaipur city only ❌
3. Jaisalmer fort ❌
4. Mount Abu summit only ❌

81 What is the approximate date assigned to the Ochre-Coloured Pottery culture?

1. 4000–3500 BCE
2. 2000–1800 BCE
3. 1000–500 BCE
4. 200–100 BCE

1. 4000–3500 BCE ❌
2. 2000–1800 BCE ✅ This is the approximate date range provided in the text.
3. 1000–500 BCE ❌
4. 200–100 BCE ❌

82 After Ochre-Coloured Pottery settlements disappeared, habitation in the doab remained limited until approximately when?

1. 3000 BCE
2. 1000 BCE
3. 500 CE
4. 1500 CE

1. 3000 BCE ❌
2. 1000 BCE ✅ The account describes a gap in substantial habitation evidence until about 1000 BCE.
3. 500 CE ❌
4. 1500 CE ❌

83 What limits our understanding of the later black-and-red ware habitation deposits in the upper doab?

1. Thin habitation deposits and poor antiquities
2. Too many extensive written archives
3. Abundant modern census records
4. Complete absence of archaeological investigation everywhere

1. Thin habitation deposits and poor antiquities ✅ These prevent a clear picture of the cultural equipment.
2. Too many extensive written archives ❌
3. Abundant modern census records ❌
4. Complete absence of archaeological investigation everywhere ❌

84 Which people mark the beginning of the Metal Age in the upper Gangetic basin, according to the chapter?

1. Copper-using Ochre-Coloured Pottery people
2. Iron-using Mauryas
3. Gupta urban communities
4. Only the later Vedic people

1. Copper-using Ochre-Coloured Pottery people ✅ The chapter identifies their settlements as the beginning of the Metal Age in the upper Gangetic basin.
2. Iron-using Mauryas ❌
3. Gupta urban communities ❌
4. Only the later Vedic people ❌

85 What does the text suggest about the duration and extent of copper-using Ochre-Coloured Pottery settlements?

1. They generally lasted no more than about a century and were limited in size and spread.
2. They lasted thousands of years and covered all of India.
3. They formed a continuous global empire.
4. They were all large cities lasting several millennia.

1. They generally lasted no more than about a century and were limited in size and spread. ✅ The chapter stresses their short duration and restricted extent.
2. They lasted thousands of years and covered all of India. ❌
3. They formed a continuous global empire. ❌
4. They were all large cities lasting several millennia. ❌

86 What possible religious legacy does the text associate with the Copper Age?

1. The sanctity and religious purity attached to copper vessels and utensils in Hindu religion
2. The invention of paper scriptures
3. The end of all ritual practices
4. The exclusive worship of iron swords

1. The sanctity and religious purity attached to copper vessels and utensils in Hindu religion ✅ The text presents this as a possibility, not a certainty.
2. The invention of paper scriptures ❌
3. The end of all ritual practices ❌
4. The exclusive worship of iron swords ❌

87 Who were contemporaries of the copper-hoard people?

1. Harappans
2. Gupta rulers
3. Mughals
4. British administrators

1. Harappans ✅ The text identifies the copper-hoard people as contemporaries of the Harappans.
2. Gupta rulers ❌
3. Mughals ❌
4. British administrators ❌

88 What kind of interaction might have occurred between copper-hoard people and Harappans?

1. Give-and-take between copper-using communities and bronze-using Harappans
2. No possible contact because they lived on different planets
3. Only modern industrial trade
4. Exclusive warfare, conclusively proved by the text

1. Give-and-take between copper-using communities and bronze-using Harappans ✅ The chapter suggests possible interaction because their regions were not far apart.
2. No possible contact because they lived on different planets ❌
3. Only modern industrial trade ❌
4. Exclusive warfare, conclusively proved by the text ❌

89 Which site is associated with white-painted black-and-red ware dating to approximately 1500 BCE in the supplied figure caption?

1. Ahar
2. Inamgaon
3. Jorwe
4. Chirand

1. Ahar ✅ Figure 5.1 identifies white-painted black-and-red ware from Ahar, circa 1500 BCE.
2. Inamgaon ❌
3. Jorwe ❌
4. Chirand ❌

90 Which site is associated with painted black-on-red pottery dating to approximately 1200 BCE in the supplied figure caption?

1. Jorwe
2. Gilund
3. Kayatha
4. Mahishdal

1. Jorwe ✅ Figure 5.3 identifies painted black-on-red pottery from Jorwe, circa 1200 BCE.
2. Gilund ❌
3. Kayatha ❌
4. Mahishdal ❌

91 Which site is associated with a reconstruction of houses in the supplied figure?

1. Inamgaon
2. Harappa
3. Ahar
4. Alamgirpur

1. Inamgaon ✅ Figure 5.4 depicts an isometric reconstruction of houses at Inamgaon.
2. Harappa ❌
3. Ahar ❌
4. Alamgirpur ❌

92 Which river system includes Jorwe, Nasik, Kopargaon, Nevasa and Daimabad in the supplied map list?

1. Godavari–Pravara System
2. Indus System
3. Ganges System
4. Tapi System

1. Godavari–Pravara System ✅ The map groups these five sites under this system.
2. Indus System ❌
3. Ganges System ❌
4. Tapi System ❌

93 Which sites are listed under the Tapi System in the supplied map?

1. Prakash and Bahal
2. Jorwe and Nevasa
3. Ahar and Gilund
4. Brahmagiri and Maski

1. Prakash and Bahal ✅ These are the two sites listed under the Tapi System.
2. Jorwe and Nevasa ❌
3. Ahar and Gilund ❌
4. Brahmagiri and Maski ❌

94 Which sites are listed under the Karnataka group in the supplied map?

1. Brahmagiri, Piklihal and Maski
2. Ahar, Gilund and Eran
3. Chirand, Mahishdal and Jorwe
4. Rangpur, Lothal and Ahar

1. Brahmagiri, Piklihal and Maski ✅ These are the Karnataka sites listed in the supplied map text.
2. Ahar, Gilund and Eran ❌
3. Chirand, Mahishdal and Jorwe ❌
4. Rangpur, Lothal and Ahar ❌

95 Which sites are listed under the Narmada System in the supplied map?

1. Navdatoli, Maheshwar, Bhagatrav, Telod, Mehgam and Hasanpur
2. Prakash and Bahal only
3. Jorwe, Nasik and Nevasa only
4. Brahmagiri, Piklihal and Maski only

1. Navdatoli, Maheshwar, Bhagatrav, Telod, Mehgam and Hasanpur ✅ These are the sites listed under the Narmada System.
2. Prakash and Bahal only ❌
3. Jorwe, Nasik and Nevasa only ❌
4. Brahmagiri, Piklihal and Maski only ❌

96 Which sites are listed under the Rajputana–Saurashtra group in the supplied map?

1. Rangpur, Ahar, Prashas Patan, Lakhabawal, Lothal, Pithadia, Rojdi and Adkot
2. Only Harappa and Ropar
3. Only Jorwe and Daimabad
4. Only Chirand and Mahishdal

1. Rangpur, Ahar, Prashas Patan, Lakhabawal, Lothal, Pithadia, Rojdi and Adkot ✅ These names follow the supplied map text, including OCR-dependent spellings.
2. Only Harappa and Ropar ❌
3. Only Jorwe and Daimabad ❌
4. Only Chirand and Mahishdal ❌

97 Which sites are listed under the Indus System in the supplied map?

1. Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Ropar, Suratgarh, Hanumangarh, Chanhu-daro, Jhukar, Amri and Jhangar
2. Jorwe, Nasik and Nevasa
3. Prakash and Bahal
4. Brahmagiri and Maski only

1. Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Ropar, Suratgarh, Hanumangarh, Chanhu-daro, Jhukar, Amri and Jhangar ✅ These are the Indus System names transcribed from the supplied map.
2. Jorwe, Nasik and Nevasa ❌
3. Prakash and Bahal ❌
4. Brahmagiri and Maski only ❌

98 Which sites are listed under the Ganges System in the supplied map?

1. Kausambi and Alamgirpur
2. Ahar and Gilund
3. Navdatoli and Maheshwar
4. Chandoli and Umbraj

1. Kausambi and Alamgirpur ✅ These are the two Ganges System sites listed in the supplied map.
2. Ahar and Gilund ❌
3. Navdatoli and Maheshwar ❌
4. Chandoli and Umbraj ❌

99 Which sites are listed under the Bhima System in the supplied map?

1. Koregaon, Chandoli, Umbraj, Chanegaon, Anachi, Hingni and Nagarhalli
2. Jorwe, Nasik, Kopargaon, Nevasa and Daimabad
3. Ahar, Gilund and Eran
4. Kausambi and Alamgirpur

1. Koregaon, Chandoli, Umbraj, Chanegaon, Anachi, Hingni and Nagarhalli ✅ These sites are listed under the Bhima System.
2. Jorwe, Nasik, Kopargaon, Nevasa and Daimabad ❌
3. Ahar, Gilund and Eran ❌
4. Kausambi and Alamgirpur ❌

100 Which statement best summarises the principal limitations of Chalcolithic cultures discussed in the chapter?

1. High infant mortality, limited copper supplies, lack of bronze technology, writing and urban civilisation
2. Excessive use of iron, widespread literacy and global trade
3. Complete absence of agriculture and pottery
4. Universal use of bronze tools and large cities

1. High infant mortality, limited copper supplies, lack of bronze technology, writing and urban civilisation ✅ These are the central weaknesses highlighted in the chapter.
2. Excessive use of iron, widespread literacy and global trade ❌
3. Complete absence of agriculture and pottery ❌
4. Universal use of bronze tools and large cities ❌