SIP Polity 19 to 20

CHAPTER 19 — UNION LEGISLATURE / PARLIAMENT

Q1. Parliament kya hai?

Answer: Parliament Union Government ka legislative organ hai, yani law banane wali body.

• India ne parliamentary system largely British Westminster model se liya hai.
• Parliament se related provisions Articles 79–122 mein hain.
• Ye Part V mein aata hai.
• Indian Parliament ke 3 components hain:
  1. President
  2. Lok Sabha — House of the People
  3. Rajya Sabha — Council of States

Logic: President House ka member nahi hai, phir bhi Parliament ka constitutional part hai kyunki Parliament se passed Bill ko law banne ke liye President ki assent chahiye.

Q2. Kya President Parliament ka member hota hai?

Answer: Nahi. President na Lok Sabha ka member hota hai, na Rajya Sabha ka. Lekin President Parliament ka integral part hai.

• Parliament se passed Bill President ki assent ke bina generally law nahi banta.
• President Parliament ko summon aur prorogue kar sakta hai.
• President dono Houses ko address kar sakta hai.
• President Ordinance bhi promulgate kar sakta hai jab Parliament session mein na ho.

Example: Jaise Sasaram mein municipal body koi important proposal pass kare, lekin final legal authority kisi higher authority ke approval se complete ho—waise hi Parliament ke legislative process mein President ka constitutional role hai.

RAJYA SABHA

Q3. Rajya Sabha ki maximum strength kitni hai?

Answer: Constitution ke according Rajya Sabha ki maximum strength 250 hai.

• 238 — States aur Union Territories ke representatives
• 12 — President dwara nominated members

Important: Nominated members ko President special knowledge/practical experience ke basis par nominate karta hai.

Q4. Rajya Sabha ke nominated members kin fields se aate hain?

Answer: Constitution mein 4 fields specifically mentioned hain:

• Art
• Literature
• Science
• Social Service

Logic: Rajya Sabha mein sirf electoral politics ka experience hi nahi, balki society ke important fields ke experienced people ki expertise bhi aaye.

Q5. Rajya Sabha mein States ke representatives ka election kaise hota hai?

Answer:

• Direct election nahi hota.
• State ke elected MLAs Rajya Sabha members ko elect karte hain.
• Election hota hai:
  • Proportional Representation
  • Single Transferable Vote (STV)

Example: Bihar ke Rajya Sabha representatives ko Bihar ke elected MLAs elect karte hain, aam voters directly nahi. Logic: Rajya Sabha States ko represent karti hai, isliye States ke elected representatives—MLAs—iske members ko elect karte hain.

Q6. Rajya Sabha mein States ko seats population ke basis par kyun milti hain?

Answer: States ko Rajya Sabha mein equal seats nahi milti. Representation largely population ke basis par hoti hai. Example: Uttar Pradesh jaise highly populated State ko Tripura se bahut zyada Rajya Sabha seats milti hain. USA se difference: US Senate mein har State ko equal representation milta hai, chahe population kuch bhi ho. Exam Trick:
India → Unequal State representation
USA Senate → Equal State representation

Q7. Rajya Sabha mein Union Territories ka representation kaise hota hai?

Answer:

• UT representatives ka election Parliament dwara prescribed method ke according hota hai.
• Jin UTs ko Rajya Sabha representation mila hua hai, unke representatives direct universal election ke through nahi, prescribed electoral mechanism se aate hain.
• Delhi, Puducherry aur Jammu & Kashmir Rajya Sabha mein represented UTs hain.

Important: Har Union Territory ko automatically Rajya Sabha seat nahi milti.

Q8. Rajya Sabha seats ka allocation kis Schedule mein hai?

Answer: Fourth Schedule. Fourth Schedule → Rajya Sabha mein States aur UTs ko allotted seats.

LOK SABHA

Q9. Lok Sabha ki maximum constitutional strength kya hai?

Answer: Historically Constitution mein maximum strength 552 provide ki gayi thi.

• 530 — States
• 20 — Union Territories
• 2 — Anglo-Indian nominated members ka provision

⚠️ Update: Anglo-Indian nomination ka provision 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019 ke baad cease ho gaya. Current elected Lok Sabha strength 543 hai.

Q10. Lok Sabha members ka election kaise hota hai?

Answer: Lok Sabha members ko people directly elect karte hain.

• Country/state ko territorial constituencies mein divide kiya jata hai.
• Har constituency se ek representative elect hota hai.
• System → First-Past-the-Post (FPTP)
• Voting age → 18 years

61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988 ne voting age 21 se reduce karke 18 ki.

Q11. First-Past-the-Post system kya hai?

Answer: Jis candidate ko constituency mein sabse zyada votes milte hain, woh winner hota hai. Usko 50%+ votes lana compulsory nahi hai. Example:

• A → 40%
• B → 35%
• C → 25%

A winner hoga, although A ko 50% votes nahi mile. Logic: FPTP mein comparison baaki candidates se hota hai, 50% threshold se nahi.

Q12. Territorial constituency kya hoti hai?

Answer: Direct election ke liye State ko geographical/electoral areas mein divide kiya jata hai. Inhe territorial constituencies kehte hain. Example: Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency mein voters apne constituency ke candidate ko directly vote dete hain. Constituency delimitation ka purpose broadly ye ensure karna hai ki representation population ke saath reasonably balanced rahe.

Q13. Proportional Representation aur FPTP mein kya difference hai?

FPTP	Proportional Representation
Candidate with highest votes wins	Representation votes/share ke proportion se linked hoti hai
50% votes necessary nahi	Preference/seat-share mechanism use ho sakta hai
Lok Sabha elections	President, Vice-President, Rajya Sabha etc. mein PR-based methods

Memory: Lok Sabha → FPTP
Rajya Sabha → PR + STV

SINGLE TRANSFERABLE VOTE

Q14. Single Transferable Vote (STV) kya hota hai?

Answer: Voter candidates ko preference order mein rank karta hai. Example:
1st preference → A
2nd preference → B
3rd preference → C Agar required quota/winner condition satisfy nahi hoti, lowest candidate eliminate ho sakta hai aur uske votes next preference ke according transfer hote hain. Important: STV ko simple “least voted candidate hatao” rule ke roop mein yaad karna incomplete hai; actual counting quota/transfer rules ke according hoti hai.

DURATION OF HOUSES

Q15. Kya Rajya Sabha dissolve hoti hai?

Answer: Nahi. Rajya Sabha ek permanent/continuing House hai.

• House dissolve nahi hota.
• Approximately 1/3 members every 2 years retire karte hain.
• Ek Rajya Sabha member ka normal term → 6 years.
• Retiring member re-election ke liye eligible ho sakta hai.

Memory: Rajya Sabha = Permanent House, members permanent nahi.

Q16. Lok Sabha ka normal term kitna hai?

Answer: 5 years. Lok Sabha dissolve ho sakti hai:

• Normal 5-year term complete hone par
• President ke dissolution order ke through

National Emergency: Parliament law bana kar Lok Sabha ka term ek baar mein maximum 1 year tak extend kar sakta hai, aur Emergency khatam hone ke baad extension 6 months se aage continue nahi kar sakti.

MEMBERSHIP OF PARLIAMENT

Q17. Lok Sabha aur Rajya Sabha member banne ki basic qualifications kya hain?

Answer:

• Indian citizen hona chahiye.
• Prescribed oath/affirmation lena hota hai.
• Lok Sabha minimum age → 25 years
• Rajya Sabha minimum age → 30 years
• Parliament dwara prescribed additional qualifications satisfy karni hoti hain.

Q18. MP ko kaun-kaun se grounds par disqualify kiya ja sakta hai?

Answer: Major constitutional grounds:

• Office of profit hold karna
• Court dwara declared unsound mind
• Undischarged insolvent
• Indian citizen na rehna / foreign citizenship acquire karna
• Parliament ke law ke under disqualification

RPA, 1951 ke under election offences/corrupt practices, specified convictions, election-expense account rules etc. bhi disqualification ka basis ban sakte hain.

Q19. Defection ke major grounds kya hain?

Answer: Anti-Defection Law ke under major grounds:

1. Member voluntarily apni party membership chhod deta hai.
2. Party direction ke against vote karta hai ya abstain karta hai, without permitted exception.
3. Independently elected member kisi political party ko join karta hai.
4. Nominated member nomination ke 6 months ke baad kisi party ko join karta hai.

Decision:

• Lok Sabha → Speaker
• Rajya Sabha → Chairman

Decision judicial review ke subject ho sakta hai.

VACATION OF SEATS

Q20. Agar ek person Parliament ke dono Houses ke liye elect ho jaye to kya hoga?

Answer: Law ke prescribed rules ke according usse ek seat choose karni hoti hai; otherwise specified circumstances mein ek/both seats vacant ho sakti hain. Core idea: Ek person simultaneously dono Houses ka sitting member nahi reh sakta.

Q21. Kya koi person Parliament aur State Legislature dono ka member simultaneously ho sakta hai?

Answer: Normally simultaneously nahi. Agar koi person Parliament aur State Legislature dono ke liye elect ho jaye, prescribed period mein State Legislature seat vacate karni hoti hai; otherwise Parliament seat vacant ho sakti hai.

Q22. MP 60 din House se absent rahe to kya ho sakta hai?

Answer: Agar member House ki permission ke bina 60 days se zyada absent rahe, House uski seat ko vacant declare kar sakta hai. Important: Constitution mein absence ka rule prescribed conditions/exclusions ke saath apply hota hai; ise “exactly 60 days absent = automatic vacancy” mat samajhna.

OATH / AFFIRMATION

Q23. MP oath kiske saamne leta hai?

Answer: President ya President dwara appointed person ke saamne. Oath mein broadly:

• Constitution ke prati true faith and allegiance
• India ki sovereignty and integrity uphold karna
• Member ke duties faithfully discharge karna

Important: Oath/affirmation se pehle member ko House mein vote karne/seat ki constitutional functions exercise karne ki eligibility nahi hoti.

PRESIDING OFFICERS

Q24. Lok Sabha ke presiding officers kaun hain?

Answer:

• Speaker
• Deputy Speaker
• Panel of Chairpersons

Q25. Lok Sabha Speaker ka election kaise hota hai?

Answer: Speaker ko Lok Sabha apne members mein se elect karti hai. President election ki date fix karta hai. Important: Speaker election ke time Lok Sabha member hona chahiye.

Q26. Speaker office kab vacant hota hai?

Answer:

• Speaker Lok Sabha ka member nahi rehta.
• Speaker resignation deta hai → Deputy Speaker ko.
• Lok Sabha resolution se remove kiya jata hai.

Removal resolution ke liye:

• 14 days notice
• Effective majority

Q27. Speaker voting kab karta hai?

Answer: Speaker normally first instance mein vote nahi karta. Agar votes equal ho jayein, Speaker casting vote de sakta hai. Memory: Speaker → normally neutral → tie-breaker vote.

Q28. Speaker ke major powers kya hain?

Answer:

• House mein order aur decorum maintain karna
• Parliamentary proceedings regulate karna
• Constitution/Rules/Parliamentary precedents ka House ke context mein final interpreter hona
• Quorum na hone par House adjourn/suspend karna
• Joint sitting preside karna
• Money Bill certify karna
• Anti-Defection Law ke under Lok Sabha member ki disqualification decide karna
• Important parliamentary committees ke functioning mein role

Important: Speaker ka anti-defection decision judicial review se completely immune nahi hai.

Q29. Joint sitting kaun preside karta hai?

Answer: Priority:

1. Lok Sabha Speaker
2. Lok Sabha Deputy Speaker
3. Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman

Rajya Sabha Chairman joint sitting preside nahi karta. Constitutional Article: Article 108.

Q30. Speaker ko Lok Sabha dissolve hone ke baad turant office chhodna padta hai?

Answer: Nahi. Speaker new Lok Sabha ki first sitting se just before tak office mein continue karta hai. Memory: LS dissolved ≠ Speaker immediately gone.

Q31. Deputy Speaker ka election kaise hota hai?

Answer: Deputy Speaker ko Lok Sabha apne members mein se elect karti hai.

• Election date → Speaker fix karta hai.
• Resignation → Speaker ko.
• Removal → Speaker ke similar procedure se.
• Presiding karte waqt → casting vote.
• Presiding na karte waqt → ordinary MP ki tarah vote.

Important: Deputy Speaker Speaker ka “subordinate employee” nahi hai; woh House ke prati responsible constitutional office-holder hai.

SPEAKER PRO TEM

Q32. Speaker Pro Tem kya hota hai?

Answer: Newly elected Lok Sabha ki beginning mein temporary presiding arrangement ke liye Speaker Pro Tem appoint kiya jata hai.

• President appoint karta hai.
• Usually senior-most members mein se conventionally select kiya jata hai.
• New members ko oath administer karne mein main role.
• New Speaker ke election tak temporary role.
• New Speaker elect hone ke baad iska temporary office cease ho jata hai.

RAJYA SABHA PRESIDING OFFICERS

Q33. Rajya Sabha ka Chairman kaun hota hai?

Answer: Vice-President of India Rajya Sabha ka ex-officio Chairman hota hai. Deputy Chairman ko Rajya Sabha apne members mein se elect karti hai. Important: Rajya Sabha mein Speaker nahi, Chairman hota hai.

LEADER OF HOUSE, LEADER OF OPPOSITION & WHIP

Q34. Leader of the House kaun hota hai?

Answer: House ke context mein government ka principal floor leader Leader of the House hota hai. Agar Prime Minister us House ka member hai, PM Leader of the House ho sakta hai. Agar PM doosre House ka member ho, to PM doosre House ke liye minister ko nominate kar sakta hai. Important: Leader of the House Constitution mein specifically mentioned office nahi hai; Rules/Parliamentary practice mein iska basis hai.

Q35. Leader of Opposition ki recognition ke liye 1/10 rule kya hai?

Answer: Traditional parliamentary practice mein largest Opposition party having at least one-tenth of total House strength ko Leader of Opposition recognition ke context mein important threshold maana gaya hai.

• Lok Sabha → recognition by Speaker
• Rajya Sabha → recognition by Chairman
• Statutory status → 1977 law
• Rank → Cabinet Minister ke equivalent

Important: Constitution mein Leader of Opposition ka office expressly mentioned nahi hai.

Q36. Whip kya hota hai?

Answer: Whip political party ka floor-management functionary hota hai jo party members ko voting/attendance/party position ke baare mein direction deta hai.

• Party appoint karti hai.
• Constitution mein specifically mentioned nahi.
• Rules of House mein bhi constitutional office ke roop mein established nahi.
• Parliamentary conventions/practice par based hai.

PARLIAMENTARY SESSIONS

Q37. Parliament session kya hota hai?

Answer: House ki first sitting se lekar uske prorogation tak ka period session hota hai. Traditional annual pattern:

• Budget Session
• Monsoon Session
• Winter Session

Constitutional rule: Do sessions ke beech 6 months se zyada gap nahi hona chahiye.

Q38. Summon, Adjournment, Prorogation aur Dissolution mein difference?

Term	Meaning	Who
Summon	House ko session ke liye bulana	President
Adjournment	Ek sitting ko kuch time ke liye rokna	Presiding Officer
Adjournment sine die	Sitting ko indefinite period ke liye end karna	Presiding Officer
Prorogation	Session ko terminate karna	President
Dissolution	House ka existence end karna	Lok Sabha only

Memory:
Sitting → Adjourn
Session → Prorogue
Lok Sabha itself → Dissolve

Q39. Quorum kya hota hai?

Answer: House mein business conduct karne ke liye minimum required members ki presence ko quorum kehte hain. Parliament mein quorum generally 1/10 of total membership hai, presiding officer ko count karte hue. Quorum nahi hai to presiding officer:

• House adjourn kar sakta hai, ya
• Meeting suspend kar sakta hai jab tak quorum available ho.

DISSOLUTION & LAPSE OF BILLS

Q40. Lok Sabha dissolve hone par kya hota hai?

Answer: Lok Sabha ki dissolution se us House ke pending parliamentary business par effect padta hai. Generally:

• Lok Sabha mein pending bills lapse ho sakte hain.
• Lok Sabha se originate hua aur pending bill lapse hota hai.

Lekin kuch important exceptions hain:

• Rajya Sabha mein pending aur Lok Sabha se pass na hua Bill → lapse nahi.
• Passed by both Houses + President ke assent ke liye pending → lapse nahi.
• President ne reconsideration ke liye return kiya hua Bill → lapse nahi.

VOTING

Q41. Parliament mein ordinary voting ka basic rule kya hai?

Answer: Normally matter members present and voting ki majority se decide hota hai. Presiding officer:

• First instance mein vote nahi karta.
• Tie hone par casting vote de sakta hai.

Majority types:

• Simple Majority
• Absolute Majority
• Effective Majority
• Special Majority

LANGUAGE OF PARLIAMENT

Q42. Parliament mein kaunsi languages use hoti hain?

Answer: Constitutional framework ke under Hindi aur English Parliament ki business languages hain. English ko Constitution ke commencement ke 15 years baad discontinue karne ka original arrangement tha, lekin Official Languages Act, 1963 ne English ko continue karne ka legal framework provide kiya. Member appropriate permission ke saath apni mother tongue mein bhi address kar sakta hai.

QUESTION HOUR & ZERO HOUR

Q43. Question Hour kya hota hai?

Answer: Question Hour mein MPs Ministers se questions poochte hain aur government se information/accountability demand karte hain. Main types:

Question	Answer	Supplementary
Starred	Oral	Yes
Unstarred	Written	No
Short Notice	Oral	Yes

Logic: Question Hour executive ko Parliament ke saamne answerable banane ka major tool hai.

Q44. Zero Hour kya hai?

Answer: Question Hour ke immediately baad aur listed agenda shuru hone se pehle ka period traditionally Zero Hour kehlata hai.

• Constitution mein mentioned nahi.
• Rules of Procedure mein formally defined device nahi.
• Prior notice requirements Question Hour se different hain.
• Indian parliamentary innovation maana jata hai.

MOTIONS

Q45. Motion kya hota hai?

Answer: Motion House ke saamne discussion/decision ke liye rakha gaya proposal hota hai. Simple logic: “House, is issue par aap kya decision lena chahte hain?” — isi type ka formal proposal Motion ho sakta hai.

Q46. Substantive, Substitute aur Subsidiary Motion kya hain?

Motion	Meaning
Substantive	Independent/self-contained important proposal
Substitute	Original motion ko replace karne ke liye
Subsidiary	Main motion/proceeding ko support ya supplement karne ke liye

Q47. Closure Motion kya hai?

Answer: Debate ko prematurely close karke matter ko voting ke liye le aane ka procedural device. Types:

• Simple Closure → discussion enough ho gayi.
• Closure by Compartments → lengthy Bill ko parts mein divide karke discussion/voting.
• Kangaroo Closure → important clauses select karke discussion.
• Guillotine → time shortage ke karan undiscussed demands/clauses ko vote ke liye put karna.

Q48. Privilege Motion kya hota hai?

Answer: Jab member ko lage ki minister/member ne House ya members ke parliamentary privilege ka breach kiya hai, Privilege Motion move kiya ja sakta hai. Example:

• Important fact House se withhold karna
• House ko misleading/distorted information dena

Purpose: Breach ko raise karke accountability/censure ki process initiate karna.

Q49. Calling Attention Motion kya hai?

Answer: Urgent public importance ke matter ko concerned Minister ke attention mein lane ke liye. Minister se authoritative statement bhi maanga ja sakta hai. Important: Ye Indian parliamentary innovation hai aur Rules of Procedure se connected hai.

Q50. Adjournment Motion kya hai?

Answer: Urgent aur definite matter of public importance ko House ke saamne lane ke liye normal business interrupt karne wala extraordinary device. Main points:

• Only Lok Sabha
• Admission ke liye generally 50 members ka support
• Matter definite, factual, urgent, specific aur recent hona chahiye.
• Court mein pending matters, privileges etc. par restrictions hain.

Logic: Normal agenda ko temporarily side mein karke “ye issue abhi discuss karo” type device.

CONFIDENCE / NO-CONFIDENCE / CENSURE

Q51. No-Confidence Motion kya hota hai?

Answer: Government ke against House mein confidence test karne ka mechanism.

• Entire Council of Ministers ke against hota hai.
• Article 75(3) → Council of Ministers collectively responsible to Lok Sabha.
• Reason dena mandatory nahi.
• Lok Sabha mein hi relevant hai.
• Pass hone par Council of Ministers ko resign karna padta hai.

Example: Agar Lok Sabha mein government majority lose kar de aur No-Confidence Motion pass ho jaye, government ko House ka confidence lose maana jayega.

Q52. Confidence Motion kya hota hai?

Answer: Government khud House ka confidence prove karne ke liye confidence motion la sakti hai; President bhi constitutional circumstances mein government se majority prove karne ko keh sakta hai. Key: Confidence Motion → Government proves it has majority.
No-Confidence Motion → Opposition/House tests whether government still has confidence.

Q53. Censure Motion aur No-Confidence Motion mein difference?

Censure	No-Confidence
Specific policy/action ko criticize	Entire Council of Ministers ke against
Reason state karna hota hai	Reason mandatory nahi
Individual/group of ministers target ho sakte hain	Entire government target
Pass hone se automatically resignation compulsory nahi	Pass hone par government ko resign karna hota hai

Q54. India ka first No-Confidence Motion kab aur kisne move kiya?

Answer: 1963 mein Acharya J.B. Kripalani ne first no-confidence motion move kiya tha. Important exam fact: Indira Gandhi ki governments ne sabse zyada no-confidence motions face kiye.

MOTION OF THANKS

Q55. Motion of Thanks kya hai?

Answer: President ke address ke liye Parliament President ko formally thanks express karti hai. President:

• General election ke baad first session mein
• Har saal ke first session mein

Parliament ko address karta hai. Address mein government ki policies/programmes ka broad outline hota hai. Important: Motion of Thanks mein government ki policies par detailed discussion possible hota hai. Agar Motion of Thanks defeat ho jaye, government ke liye serious political/constitutional implication ho sakta hai.

POINT OF ORDER & SHORT DURATION DISCUSSION

Q56. Point of Order kya hai?

Answer: Jab member ko lage ki House ki proceedings Rules/constitutional procedure ke according nahi chal rahi, woh Point of Order raise kar sakta hai.

• Procedure/rules se related hona chahiye.
• Normal debate jaisa nahi hota.
• Presiding officer ruling de sakta hai.

Q57. Short Duration Discussion kya hai?

Answer: Important public matter par discussion ke liye device. Important: Ismein voting nahi hoti aur formal motion pass nahi hota.

RESOLUTION

Q58. Resolution kya hota hai?

Answer: Resolution kisi important matter par House ka formal decision/opinion express karne ka mechanism hai. Key difference:

• Har resolution substantive nature ka hota hai.
• Resolution House ke decision ke liye put kiya jata hai.

Q59. Private Member Resolution kya hai?

Answer: Minister ke alawa kisi member dwara moved resolution ko Private Member Resolution kaha jata hai. Private Member = Any MP who is not a Minister.

Q60. Government aur Statutory Resolution kya hain?

Answer:

• Government Resolution: Minister move karta hai.
• Statutory Resolution: Constitution ya Parliament ke kisi Act ke provision ke authority/pursuance mein move kiya jata hai; ise Minister ya Private Member dono move kar sakte hain, depending on the provision.

LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE

Q61. Bill aur Act mein difference?

Answer:

• Bill = Proposed law
• Act/Law = Bill ke required parliamentary process aur Presidential assent ke baad enacted law

Memory: Bill = Proposal → Act = Enacted Law.

Q62. Public Bill aur Private Member's Bill mein difference?

Public/Government Bill	Private Member's Bill
Minister introduce karta hai	Non-Minister MP introduce karta hai
Government ka official legislative proposal	Individual MP ka legislative proposal
Government support generally stronger	Pass hone ki practical probability generally lower

Important: “Private Bill” ko private company ka Bill mat samajhna. Yahan Private Member ka meaning non-minister MP hai.

ORDINARY BILL

Q63. Ordinary Bill kahan introduce ho sakta hai?

Answer: Ordinary Bill:

• Lok Sabha ya Rajya Sabha — either House
• Minister ya private member — dono introduce kar sakte hain

Generally three readings/stages se pass hota hai:

1. First Reading
2. Second Reading
3. Third Reading

Q64. Ordinary Bill ki three readings kya hain?

Answer:

1. First Reading

• Introduction
• Publication etc.
• Detailed debate generally nahi.

2. Second Reading

• General discussion
• Committee stage, where applicable
• Clause-by-clause consideration
• Amendments

3. Third Reading

• Final debate
• Final voting

Q65. Ordinary Bill par dono Houses mein deadlock kab maana ja sakta hai?

Answer: Major situations:

• Second House Bill reject kar de.
• Second House 6 months tak Bill par action na le.
• Amendments ko lekar dono Houses disagree karein.

Aise deadlock ko resolve karne ke liye Constitution Joint Sitting ka provision deta hai.

Q66. Joint Sitting ka basic purpose kya hai?

Answer: Lok Sabha aur Rajya Sabha ke beech ordinary Bill par deadlock ko resolve karna.

• Article → 108
• Simple majority se decision
• Lok Sabha numbers ki wajah se numerical advantage rakhti hai.

Important: Money Bill aur Constitutional Amendment Bill ke liye Joint Sitting available nahi hai.

PRESIDENTIAL ASSENT

Q67. President Bill ke saath kya kar sakta hai?

Answer:

• Assent de sakta hai → Bill Act ban jata hai.
• Ordinary Bill ko assent ke bina hold kar sakta hai.
• Non-Money Bill ko reconsideration ke liye return kar sakta hai.

Agar Parliament reconsideration ke baad Bill ko dobara pass kar de, President ko assent dena hota hai. Money Bill: President reconsideration ke liye return nahi kar sakta.

MONEY BILL — ARTICLE 110

Q68. Money Bill kya hota hai?

Answer: Article 110 ke under Money Bill wahi Bill hai jo only specified financial matters se related provisions contain karta hai. Major matters:

1. Tax ka imposition, abolition, remission, alteration/regulation
2. Union Government borrowing
3. Consolidated Fund/Contingency Fund ki custody
4. Consolidated Fund se money appropriation
5. Charged expenditure ki declaration/increase
6. Consolidated Fund/Public Account se money receipt
7. Above matters se incidental matters

Q69. Kaunse matters alone Money Bill nahi bana dete?

Answer: Examples:

• Fines/penalties alone
• Local government taxes
• Service fees

Exam trap: Har financial-looking Bill Money Bill nahi hota.

Q70. Money Bill sirf Lok Sabha mein hi kyun introduce hota hai?

Answer: Money Bill par Lok Sabha ka dominant role hai kyunki Lok Sabha directly elected House hai aur taxation/spending ke democratic control ka main forum hai. Rules:

• Only Lok Sabha
• Only Minister
• President ki prior recommendation required
• Speaker certify karta hai ki Bill Money Bill hai
• Rajya Sabha ke paas recommendation-only role
• Rajya Sabha ko Bill 14 days ke andar return karna hota hai
• Joint Sitting available nahi

Q71. Money Bill par Rajya Sabha kya kar sakti hai?

Answer: Rajya Sabha:

• Money Bill ko reject nahi kar sakti.
• Amendment enforce nahi kar sakti.
• Recommendations de sakti hai.
• 14 days ke andar Bill return karna hota hai.

Lok Sabha recommendations accept ya reject kar sakti hai. Memory: Money Bill → LS powerful, RS recommendatory.

Q72. Money Bill hai ya nahi, final decision kis ka hai?

Answer: Lok Sabha Speaker. Speaker ka certification constitutional significance rakhta hai.

FINANCIAL BILLS — ARTICLE 117

Q73. Financial Bill Type-I kya hota hai?

Answer: Article 117(1) ka Financial Bill aisa Bill hai jisme Article 110 ke financial matters ke saath other general legislative matters bhi included hote hain.

• Only Lok Sabha
• President ki prior recommendation
• Ordinary Bill ke jaise Houses ke legislative process mein proceed karta hai
• Joint Sitting possible ho sakti hai

Q74. Financial Bill Type-II kya hota hai?

Answer: Article 117(3) ke context mein aisa Bill jo Consolidated Fund of India se expenditure involve karta hai, lekin Article 110 ke Money Bill matters contain nahi karta.

• Either House mein introduce ho sakta hai.
• Introduction par President ki recommendation necessarily required nahi.
• Consideration stage par President ki recommendation required hoti hai.
• Ordinary Bill ke broadly similar procedure follow karta hai.

BUDGET

Q75. Constitution budget ko kya kehta hai?

Answer: Constitution budget ko Annual Financial Statement kehta hai. Article → 112.

Q76. Budget Parliament mein kaun present karta hai?

Answer: Union Budget Finance Minister Parliament mein present karta hai. Traditionally Budget 1 February ko present kiya jata hai. Budget speech Lok Sabha mein hoti hai aur Budget Rajya Sabha ke saamne bhi laid hota hai.

Q77. Demand for Grants par voting kis House ka exclusive privilege hai?

Answer: Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha budget discuss kar sakti hai, lekin Demands for Grants par vote nahi karti. Logic: Government ka expenditure ultimately directly elected House ke financial control ke under hona chahiye.

Q78. Charged expenditure aur Voted expenditure mein difference?

Answer:

Charged Expenditure	Voted Expenditure
Lok Sabha vote nahi karti	Lok Sabha vote karti hai
Discussion possible	Discussion + voting

Charged expenditure examples:

• President ke emoluments
• Rajya Sabha Chairman/Deputy Chairman
• Lok Sabha Speaker/Deputy Speaker
• Supreme Court judges
• CAG
• UPSC
• Government debt charges
• Court/arbitral tribunal ke certain judgments/awards satisfy karne ke sums

Q79. Budget pass hone ke main stages kya hain?

Answer:

1. Budget Presentation
2. General Discussion
3. Departmental Standing Committees ki scrutiny
4. Voting on Demands for Grants
5. Appropriation Bill
6. Finance Bill

Memory: Present → Discuss → Examine → Vote → Withdraw → Tax

CUT MOTIONS

Q80. Cut Motion kya hota hai?

Answer: Lok Sabha mein Demand for Grant ki amount ko reduce karne ka proposal Cut Motion hai. Purpose:

• Government ki policy/action par criticism
• Expenditure par economy demand
• Specific grievance highlight karna

Types:

Type	Reduction	Purpose
Policy Cut	₹1	Policy disapproval
Economy Cut	Specified amount	Economy in expenditure
Token Cut	₹100	Specific grievance highlight

GRANTS

Q81. Supplementary, Additional, Excess Grant etc. kya hain?

Grant	Meaning
Supplementary Grant	Existing service ke liye sanctioned amount insufficient ho
Additional Grant	New service/expenditure ke liye extra provision
Excess Grant	Granted amount se zyada expenditure ho gaya
Token Grant	One service se another service ke liye appropriation enable karna
Vote on Credit	Unexpected demand ke liye advance financial authority
Vote on Account	Full budget pass hone se pehle short period ke expenditure ke liye

FUNDS OF INDIA

Q82. Consolidated Fund, Public Account aur Contingency Fund mein difference?

Fund	Article	Basic purpose
Consolidated Fund of India	266	Government ki major revenues, loans etc.
Public Account of India	266	Other public money, e.g. provident funds etc.
Contingency Fund of India	267	Urgent/unforeseen expenditure

Memory:
266 → Consolidated + Public Account
267 → Contingency

PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGES

Q83. Parliamentary Privileges kya hain?

Answer: Parliament ke Houses, committees aur members ko effective functioning ke liye special rights, immunities aur protections milti hain. Article → 105 Purpose:

• Freedom of functioning
• House ki dignity
• Independence/autonomy

Important: Parliamentary privileges completely codified single statute mein comprehensively listed nahi hain.

Q84. Parliamentary Privileges ke major individual privileges kya hain?

Answer:

• Parliament mein freedom of speech, subject to constitutional/parliamentary rules.
• Parliamentary proceedings mein diye gaye speech/vote ke liye court proceedings se constitutional protection.
• Civil arrest ke context mein traditional privilege during session aur specified pre/post-session period se related hai.

Important: “40 days before and after” ko criminal arrest immunity mat samajhna; traditional privilege civil cases se related hai.

Q85. Collective privileges kya hain?

Answer: House ke collective privileges include:

• Apne proceedings regulate karna
• Reports/debates publish karna aur publication regulate karna
• Breach of privilege par action/punishment
• Member ki arrest/detention ki information receive karna
• House ki proceedings ke functioning mein courts ki limited interference

PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES

Q86. Parliamentary Committee kya hoti hai?

Answer: Parliament ke detailed aur complex work ko examine karne ke liye MPs ki smaller committee banayi jati hai. Committee:

• House dwara elected/appointed ho sakti hai
• Speaker/Chairman dwara nominated ho sakti hai
• Speaker/Chairman ke direction mein kaam karti hai
• Report House ya Speaker/Chairman ko submit karti hai

Logic: 543 MPs ko har technical detail mein directly discuss karwana impractical hai. Committee smaller group mein deep examination karti hai.

Q87. Parliamentary Committees ke two broad types?

Answer:

1. Standing Committees → regular/continuing nature
2. Ad hoc Committees → specific task ke liye, task complete hone par cease

FINANCIAL COMMITTEES

Q88. Public Accounts Committee (PAC) kya hai?

Answer: PAC government ke expenditure aur CAG reports ko examine karne wali important financial committee hai. Composition: 22 members

• 15 Lok Sabha
• 7 Rajya Sabha

Term: 1 year Minister: Minister PAC ka member nahi ho sakta. Chairman: Speaker appoint karta hai. Conventionally opposition member ko chairman banane ki practice 1967 se important hai.

Q89. PAC ka main function kya hai?

Answer: PAC:

• Appropriation Accounts examine karti hai.
• Finance Accounts examine karti hai.
• CAG reports examine karti hai.
• Check karti hai ki money legally available purpose ke liye use hua ya nahi.
• Check karti hai ki expenditure authorized rules ke according hua ya nahi.
• Excess expenditure identify kar sakti hai.

Memory: PAC = Paisa kharch hua, kya rules ke according kharch hua?

Q90. PAC ki limitations kya hain?

Answer:

• Generally post-facto examination.
• Policy ko normally question nahi karti; implementation/financial regularity examine karti hai.
• Daily administration mein intervene nahi karti.
• Recommendations generally advisory nature ki hoti hain.
• Khud executive order issue nahi karti.

Logic: PAC “paisa kaise spend hua?” check karti hai, government ka daily administration chalana uska kaam nahi.

Q91. Estimates Committee kya karti hai?

Answer: Estimates Committee ka focus budget estimates aur economy/efficiency par hota hai.

• 30 members
• All members → Lok Sabha
• Term → 1 year
• Minister member nahi ban sakta
• Chairman → Speaker appoint karta hai

Main functions:

• Budget estimates examine karna
• Economy in public expenditure suggest karna
• Efficiency improve karne ke suggestions
• Alternative policies suggest karna where appropriate

Memory: Estimates Committee = Future/Proposed spending ko efficient banana.

Q92. Estimates Committee aur PAC mein basic difference?

Estimates Committee	PAC
Budget estimates/expenditure economy	Already incurred expenditure + CAG reports
30 members	22 members
Only Lok Sabha	LS + RS
Alternative policies suggest kar sakti hai	Policy merits normally examine nahi karti

Q93. Committee on Public Undertakings (COPU) kya hai?

Answer: Public Sector Undertakings ke reports/accounts aur CAG reports ko examine karne wali financial committee.

• 22 members
• 15 Lok Sabha + 7 Rajya Sabha
• Term → 1 year
• Chairman → Speaker appoint karta hai
• Chairman Lok Sabha member hota hai

Memory: COPU = PSU ka performance/accountability check.

DEPARTMENTALLY RELATED STANDING COMMITTEES

Q94. Departmentally Related Standing Committees (DRSCs) kitni hain?

Answer: Parliament mein 24 Departmentally Related Standing Committees hain.

• 8 → Rajya Sabha ke under
• 16 → Lok Sabha ke under

Major functions:

• Demands for Grants examine karna
• Concerned ministry ke Bills examine karna
• Annual reports examine karna
• Policy documents examine karna

Important: Ye committees cut motions move nahi karti; ye demands ko examine/report karti hain.

ONE-LINE REVISION

Q95. Chapter 19 ke most important facts ek jagah?

• Parliament → President + Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha
• Parliament → Articles 79–122
• Rajya Sabha → Permanent House
• RS member term → 6 years
• 1/3 RS members retire → every 2 years
• Lok Sabha normal term → 5 years
• LS minimum age → 25
• RS minimum age → 30
• Voting age → 18
• LS election → FPTP
• RS election → PR + STV
• Money Bill → Article 110
• Financial Bills → Article 117
• Joint Sitting → Article 108
• Budget/Annual Financial Statement → Article 112
• Parliamentary Privileges → Article 105
• Quorum → 1/10
• Maximum gap between sessions → 6 months
• PAC → 22
• Estimates Committee → 30
• COPU → 22
• DRSCs → 24

CHAPTER 20 — STATE LEGISLATURE

BASIC ORGANISATION

Q1. State Legislature kya hai?

Answer: State level par law-making body ko State Legislature kehte hain. Constitutional provisions:

• Articles 168–212
• Part VI

State Legislature ke components:

• Governor
• Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)
• Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) — only in some states

Q2. Kya har State mein Legislative Council hoti hai?

Answer: Nahi. Do systems:

• Unicameral → only Legislative Assembly
• Bicameral → Legislative Assembly + Legislative Council

Currently bicameral States:

• Andhra Pradesh
• Telangana
• Uttar Pradesh
• Bihar
• Maharashtra
• Karnataka

Example: Bihar mein Vidhan Sabha + Vidhan Parishad dono hain. Memory: AP + Telangana + UP + Bihar + Maharashtra + Karnataka = 6

CREATION / ABOLITION OF LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL

Q3. Legislative Council create ya abolish kaise hoti hai?

Answer: Article 169. Process:

1. State Legislative Assembly special majority se resolution pass karti hai.
2. Parliament is resolution ke basis par law bana sakti hai.
3. Parliament mein law simple majority se pass hota hai.

Important: Ye Article 368 ke under Constitutional Amendment nahi maana jata. Logic: Council ki existence State Assembly ki democratic demand se start hoti hai, but final creation/abolition Parliament ke law se hoti hai.

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY

Q4. Legislative Assembly ka election kaise hota hai?

Answer: Legislative Assembly ke members ko people directly elect karte hain.

• Universal Adult Franchise
• Territorial constituencies
• Generally FPTP system

Minimum age to become MLA: 25 years.

Q5. Legislative Assembly ki maximum aur minimum strength?

Answer:

• Maximum → 500
• General minimum → 60

Special constitutional exceptions:

• Goa → 30
• Sikkim → 30
• Arunachal Pradesh → 30
• Mizoram → 40
• Nagaland → 60

Q6. Kya Anglo-Indian community ke nominated MLA ka provision abhi hai?

Answer: Nahi. 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019 ke baad Anglo-Indian nominated seats ka constitutional provision cease ho gaya.

Q7. Assembly constituencies ka purpose kya hai?

Answer: Direct election conduct karne ke liye State ko territorial constituencies mein divide kiya jata hai. Delimitation ka purpose population ke according electoral representation ko adjust karna hai. Example: Sasaram area ke voters apni Assembly constituency ke MLA ko directly elect karte hain.

Q8. Assembly mein SC/ST reservation kaise hota hai?

Answer: SC aur ST ke liye seats unki population ke proportion ke according reserve ki ja sakti hain/ki jati hain as constitutionally provided. Logic: Historically under-represented communities ko elected legislature mein representation ensure karna.

LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL

Q9. Legislative Council ki strength kya hoti hai?

Answer:

• Minimum → 40
• Maximum → Assembly ki strength ka 1/3

Actual number Parliament law ke according determine karta hai, constitutional limits ke within.

Q10. Legislative Council ke members ka election kaise hota hai?

Answer: Council ka structure mixed hai. Approximately:

• 1/3 → Local authorities ke elected members
• 1/12 → Graduates
• 1/12 → Teachers
• 1/3 → Legislative Assembly ke elected members
• 1/6 → Governor nominated

Election method → Proportional Representation by Single Transferable Vote. Governor-nominated members:

• Literature
• Science
• Art
• Cooperative movement
• Social service

DURATION

Q11. Legislative Council dissolve hoti hai?

Answer: Nahi. Council permanent/continuing House hai.

• 1/3 members every 2 years retire.
• Member ka normal term → 6 years.
• Council itself Parliament ke law se abolish ho sakti hai under Article 169.

Q12. Legislative Assembly ka term?

Answer: 5 years. National Emergency ke period mein Parliament law ke through term extend kar sakta hai, constitutional limits ke subject to.

MEMBERSHIP

Q13. MLA/MLC banne ki basic qualifications?

Answer:

• Indian citizen
• Oath/affirmation
• Assembly → 25 years
• Council → 30 years
• Other qualifications prescribed by Parliament

RPA ke under relevant elector/residency and reserved-seat conditions apply karte hain.

Q14. State Legislature member ki major disqualifications kya hain?

Answer: Major grounds broadly Parliament jaise hain:

• Office of profit
• Unsound mind declared by court
• Undischarged insolvent
• Not a citizen / foreign citizenship
• Parliament ke law, especially RPA, ke under disqualification
• Certain convictions/election offences/corrupt practices
• Election expenditure account related violation

Q15. State Legislature mein defection ka decision kaun karta hai?

Answer:

• Legislative Assembly → Speaker
• Legislative Council → Chairman

Decision judicial review ke subject hai. Important Case: Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu — Anti-Defection decisions aur judicial review ke context mein landmark case.

OATH, RESIGNATION & ABSENCE

Q16. State Legislature member oath kiske saamne leta hai?

Answer: Governor ya Governor dwara appointed person ke saamne. Oath mein:

• Constitution ke prati allegiance
• India ki sovereignty and integrity uphold karna
• Duty faithfully discharge karna

Q17. State Legislature member 60 days se zyada absent rahe to?

Answer: House ki permission ke bina prescribed conditions ke beyond 60 days absence par House seat vacant declare kar sakta hai.

STATE LEGISLATURE PRESIDING OFFICERS

Q18. Legislative Assembly ke presiding officers kaun hain?

Answer:

• Speaker
• Deputy Speaker
• Panel of Chairpersons

Q19. State Assembly Speaker ka election kaise hota hai?

Answer: Assembly apne members mein se Speaker elect karti hai. Speaker office vacant ho sakta hai:

• Member na rehne par
• Resignation → Deputy Speaker ko
• Assembly resolution se removal

Removal ke liye:

• 14 days advance notice
• Effective majority

Q20. State Assembly Speaker ke powers kya hain?

Answer:

• House mein order maintain karna
• Proceedings regulate karna
• Rules/precedents interpret karna
• Quorum na hone par House adjourn/suspend karna
• Money Bill certify karna
• Defection cases decide karna
• Committees ke functioning mein role

Voting: First instance mein vote nahi; tie par casting vote.

Q21. Legislative Council ka Chairman kaun elect karta hai?

Answer: Legislative Council ke members apne among themselves Chairman elect karte hain. Deputy Chairman bhi Council ke members mein se elect hota hai. Panel of Vice-Chairpersons ko Chairman nominate karta hai.

SESSIONS OF STATE LEGISLATURE

Q22. State Legislature ko summon kaun karta hai?

Answer: Governor. Do sessions ke beech maximum constitutional gap 6 months se zyada nahi hona chahiye.

Q23. Adjournment, Prorogation aur Dissolution ka State Legislature mein difference?

Device	Meaning	Authority
Adjournment	Sitting temporarily suspend	Presiding Officer
Adjournment sine die	Sitting indefinitely terminate	Presiding Officer
Prorogation	Session terminate	Governor
Dissolution	Assembly ka existence end	Governor, constitutional framework ke subject

Legislative Council dissolve nahi hoti.

BILLS & DISSOLUTION

Q24. Assembly dissolve hone par Bills ka kya hota hai?

Answer:

Bill	Effect
Assembly mein pending Bill	Lapses
Assembly se pass Bill, Council mein pending	Lapses
Council mein pending, Assembly ne pass nahi kiya	Does not lapse
Assembly/both Houses se pass, Governor/President assent ke liye pending	Does not lapse
President reconsideration ke liye returned Bill	Does not lapse

VOTING & LANGUAGE

Q25. State Legislature mein majority ke types?

Answer:

• Normal legislation → Simple Majority
• Council creation/abolition resolution → Special Majority
• Speaker/Chairman removal → Effective Majority
• Presiding officer → first instance vote nahi; tie par casting vote

Q26. State Legislature mein language ka kya rule hai?

Answer: Constitutional framework mein State Legislature mein:

• State ki official language/languages
• Hindi
• English

use ki ja sakti hain, constitutional provisions ke subject to. Presiding officer appropriate permission se member ko mother tongue mein address karne allow kar sakta hai. English continuation ka framework Constitution ke Article 210 aur Official Languages-related provisions se governed hai.

MINISTERS & ADVOCATE GENERAL

Q27. Kya koi Minister jis House ka member nahi hai, us House mein bol sakta hai?

Answer: Haan. Minister ko State Legislature ke dono Houses mein speak/participate karne ka right hota hai, even if he/she is not a member of that particular House. Lekin: Member na hone ki wajah se us House mein vote nahi kar sakta. Agar koi person Legislature ka member bane bina Minister hai, to Constitution ke according generally 6 months ke andar State Legislature ka member banna hota hai, otherwise Minister nahi reh sakta.

Q28. Advocate General State Legislature mein participate kar sakta hai?

Answer: Haan. Advocate General:

• Dono Houses mein speak/participate kar sakta hai.
• Committee proceedings mein bhi relevant participation kar sakta hai.
• Lekin sirf Advocate General hone ke basis par vote nahi kar sakta.

LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE

Q29. State Legislative Council ki power Rajya Sabha ke equal hai?

Answer: Nahi. State Legislative Council ki power Assembly se clearly weaker hai. Most important:

• Ordinary Bill par Council delay kar sakti hai, permanently block nahi.
• Money Bill par Council ki power bahut limited hai.
• Budget Demands for Grants par Council vote nahi karti.
• Government ko no-confidence se remove karne ka power Assembly ke paas hai, Council ke paas nahi.

Q30. Legislative Council ordinary Bill ko maximum kitna delay kar sakti hai?

Answer: Maximum approximately 4 months:

• First stage → 3 months
• Second stage → 1 month

Uske baad Assembly ki will prevail kar sakti hai. Memory: Council can delay, not permanently defeat.

Q31. State Money Bill kahan introduce hota hai?

Answer: Only Legislative Assembly. Council:

• Money Bill introduce nahi kar sakti.
• Reject/amend nahi kar sakti.
• Recommendations de sakti hai.
• 14 days ke andar return karna hota hai.

Final certification → Speaker of Legislative Assembly.

GOVERNOR & PRESIDENT ASSENT

Q32. Governor Bill ke saath kya kar sakta hai?

Answer: Governor:

• Assent de sakta hai.
• Non-Money Bill ko reconsideration ke liye return kar sakta hai.
• Bill ko President ke consideration ke liye reserve kar sakta hai.

Article → 200

Q33. Kya Governor ko har Bill President ke paas reserve karna padta hai?

Answer: Nahi. Kuch situations mein reservation constitutionally mandatory ho sakta hai—for example, agar Bill High Court ki constitutional position/powers ko aise affect kare as contemplated by the Constitution. Other situations mein Governor ke paas reservation ka constitutional discretion ho sakta hai, subject to constitutional limits.

Q34. President State Bill ko reconsideration ke baad bhi reject kar sakta hai?

Answer: Agar Governor ne Bill President ke consideration ke liye reserve kiya aur President ne Bill return/reconsideration ka route use kiya, to State Legislature reconsider kar sakti hai. Important: State Bill ke case mein President ka reconsidered Bill par assent dena Union Parliament ke ordinary Bill jaisa mandatory nahi hota. Source text ka “must give assent” rule yahan apply nahi karna chahiye.

STATE LEGISLATURE vs PARLIAMENT

Q35. Legislative Council aur Rajya Sabha mein basic difference?

Rajya Sabha	Legislative Council
Union Parliament ka Upper House	State Legislature ka Upper House
Permanent House	Permanent House
States ko Union level par represent karta hai	State-level legislative second chamber
Money Bill mein limited role	Money Bill mein limited role
Constitutional role in national Parliament	Assembly ke comparison mein weaker chamber

Q36. Legislative Council Assembly ke equal kahan hai?

Answer: Kuch areas mein Council ki participation Assembly ke saath hoti hai, especially ordinary legislative process, constitutional reports etc. mein. Lekin final superiority Assembly ke paas hai in several crucial areas. Examples:

• Money Bill → Assembly dominant
• Demands for Grants → Assembly only
• Government confidence → Assembly
• Ordinary Bill → Council can delay, Assembly ultimately prevails

Q37. Legislative Council government ko No-Confidence Motion se gira sakti hai?

Answer: Nahi. Council of Ministers collectively responsible hoti hai Legislative Assembly ke prati. Isliye Council government ko remove karne ka final confidence power nahi rakhti.

Q38. Legislative Council ki existence kis par depend karti hai?

Answer: Article 169 ke under Council create/abolish ki ja sakti hai. Process ka core:
State Assembly special-majority resolution → Parliament law → Council create/abolish. Isliye Legislative Council permanent House zaroor hai, lekin permanent institution in every State nahi hai.

ONE-LINE REVISION

Q39. Chapter 20 ke most important facts?

• State Legislature → Articles 168–212
• Part → VI
• States with Legislative Council → 6
• Article for Council creation/abolition → 169
• Assembly → Direct election
• Assembly maximum → 500
• Assembly general minimum → 60
• Assembly age → 25
• Council age → 30
• Council minimum → 40
• Council maximum → 1/3 of Assembly
• Council → Permanent House
• 1/3 Council members retire → every 2 years
• Assembly term → 5 years
• Money Bill → Assembly only
• Council delay of ordinary Bill → maximum 4 months
• State Bill reservation → Article 200
• State Legislature sessions gap → maximum 6 months
• Assembly Speaker → elected by Assembly
• Council Chairman → elected by Council
• Defection → Speaker/Chairman decides
• Assembly → Government confidence ka main House