SIP 25 - 28

CHAPTER 25 — CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES

1. Co-operative Societies ko Constitutional Status kis Amendment se mila?

Answer

97th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2011 se Co-operative Societies ko constitutional recognition/status diya gaya.

Simple meaning: Cooperative society ka basic idea hai — “log milkar apne common economic interest ke liye organisation banayen aur collectively kaam karein.”

Example: Sasaram ke kuch farmers milkar ek dairy cooperative banate hain. Sab farmers member hain aur collectively milk collection, storage aur sale manage karte hain.

2. 97th Constitutional Amendment ne kya-kya major changes kiye?

Answer

1. Article 19(1)(c) mein co-operative societies banane ka right include kiya gaya.
2. Article 43-B ke through DPSP mein co-operative societies ko promote karne ka provision add kiya gaya.
3. Constitution mein Part IX-B — “The Co-operative Societies” add kiya gaya.
4. Part IX-B mein Articles 243-ZH to 243-ZT hain.

Logic: Government chahti thi ki cooperative societies sirf government-controlled bodies na rahen, balki autonomous + democratic + professionally managed organisations banen.

3. Article 19 mein cooperative societies se related kya change hua?

Answer

Article 19(1)(c) ke under citizens ko co-operative societies form karne ka fundamental right diya gaya.

Yaad rakho:
Article 19(1)(c) → Association / Union / Cooperative Society

Example: Agar Sasaram ke farmers legally ek cooperative dairy society banana chahte hain, to cooperative society form karna Article 19(1)(c) se connected fundamental right hai.

4. Article 43-B kya kehta hai?

Answer

Article 43-B State ko encourage karta hai ki cooperative societies ke:

• voluntary formation,
• autonomous functioning,
• democratic control, aur
• professional management

ko promote kare.

Logic: Cooperative ka owner government nahi, mainly its members hote hain. Isliye members ka democratic control important hai.

5. Part IX-B Constitution mein kis subject se related hai?

Answer

Part IX-B → The Co-operative Societies

Articles → 243-ZH to 243-ZT

6. Cooperative society ke board mein maximum kitne directors ho sakte hain?

Answer

Board of Directors mein directors ki maximum number 21 ho sakti hai.

Memory Trick: Cooperative Board → Maximum 21

7. Cooperative board mein SC/ST aur women ke liye reservation kya hai?

Answer

State legislature provision kar sakti hai:

• 1 seat — Scheduled Castes / Scheduled Tribes ke liye
• 2 seats — Women ke liye

Quick Memory: 1 SC/ST + 2 Women

8. Cooperative board mein experts ko co-opt kiya ja sakta hai?

Answer

Haan. Banking, management, finance etc. ka experience rakhne wale maximum 2 persons ko co-opt kiya ja sakta hai.

Logic: Cooperative democratic ho, lekin professional management bhi chahiye. Isliye experts ko include karne ka provision hai.

9. Cooperative society ke accounts aur audit ke baare mein kya provision hai?

Answer

Cooperative societies ke:

• accounts maintain kiye jaane chahiye, aur
• accounts ka audit at least once every financial year hona chahiye.

Logic: Members ka paisa involved hai, isliye financial transparency zaroori hai.

10. Annual General Body Meeting kab tak honi chahiye?

Answer

Financial year close hone ke 6 months ke andar Annual General Body Meeting convene honi chahiye.

11. Elected members of cooperative board ka term kitna hota hai?

Answer

5 years.

Board ki election term expire hone se pehle conduct honi chahiye.

12. Cooperative board ko supersede/suspend kab kiya ja sakta hai?

Answer

Persistent default, negligence in performance of duties etc. ki situation mein board ko supersede ya suspend kiya ja sakta hai.

Maximum period: 6 months.

Logic: Democratic board ko normally continue karna chahiye; intervention exceptional situation mein hi hona chahiye.

13. 97th Amendment ka main objective kya tha?

Answer

• Cooperative institutions ko revitalise karna.
• Economic development mein unka contribution badhana.
• Unki autonomy ensure karna.
• Democratic functioning ensure karna.
• Professional management promote karna.
• Unnecessary outside interference kam karna.
• Autonomous organisational structure maintain karna.
• Management ko members aur stakeholders ke prati accountable banana.

One-line logic: “Cooperative society members ki ho, democratic tareeke se chale, professionally manage ho aur unnecessarily government ke control mein na rahe.”

14. Kya Part IX-B ke saare provisions states ki cooperative societies par fully applicable hain?

Answer

⚠️ Important Update: Supreme Court ne 2021 mein Part IX-B ko state-level cooperative societies par constitutional amendment procedure ke issue ke karan effectively inapplicable/partly invalid maana, kyunki states ki legislative competence affect hoti thi aur states ki ratification nahi hui thi.

Lekin Part IX-B ka application multi-state cooperative societies ke context mein continue karta hai.

Exam trap: 97th Amendment ko simply “all cooperative societies ke liye fully applicable constitutional framework” mat likhna.

CHAPTER 26 — OFFICIAL LANGUAGES

1. Constitution mein Official Languages kis Part mein deal ki gayi hain?

Answer

Part XVII

Articles → 343 to 351

2. Part XVII ke provisions ko kitne broad heads mein divide kiya gaya hai?

Answer

1. Language of the Union
2. Regional Languages
3. Language of Judiciary and Texts of Laws
4. Special Directives

3. Union ki Official Language kya hai?

Answer

Union ki official language → Hindi

Script → Devanagari

Numerals → International form of Indian numerals

Article: 343

4. Kya Constitution ne kaha tha ki 1965 ke baad English completely band ho jayegi?

Answer

Constitution ne initially English ko Union ke official purposes ke liye 15 years tak continue karne ka arrangement kiya tha.

1950 → Constitution commencement
1965 → 15-year period complete

Lekin Parliament ne baad mein English ke continued use ko legally provide kiya.

5. Official Languages Act kab pass hua?

Answer

Official Languages Act, 1963

Iska purpose tha Hindi ke saath English ke continued use ka legal framework provide karna.

6. Official Languages Act ko 1967 mein amend kyun kiya gaya?

Answer

1967 amendment ne certain situations mein Hindi ke saath English ke continued use ko compulsory banaya.

Logic: India mein linguistic diversity bahut high hai. Isliye Hindi ko promote karte hue non-Hindi speaking regions ke communication interests ko bhi protect karna zaroori tha.

7. Official Language Commission pehli baar kab appoint hua?

Answer

President ne 1955 mein Official Language Commission appoint kiya.

Chairman → B. G. Kher

8. 1957 mein Parliament ne kis committee ko constitute kiya?

Answer

B. G. Kher Commission ki recommendations ko examine karne ke liye 1957 mein Parliament ne committee constitute ki.

Chairman → Govind Ballabh Pant

9. Kya 1960 mein second Official Language Commission appoint hua tha?

Answer

❌ No.

Source mein 1960 ka statement misleading hai. Exam ke liye important fact:
First Official Language Commission → 1955 → B. G. Kher

10. Kya Constitution states ki official language specify karta hai?

Answer

No.

Constitution kisi particular state ki official language fix nahi karta.

State Legislature apne state ke liye one or more languages ko official language adopt kar sakti hai.

Example: Bihar apni official administrative language ke liye state law ke through provisions bana sakta hai.

11. Union aur non-Hindi state ke beech communication mein kaunsi language use hoti hai?

Answer

Official Languages Act ke framework ke according, English Union aur non-Hindi speaking states ke communication mein use ki ja sakti/ki jati hai.

Lekin do ya more states mutually agree karein to Hindi ko communication ke liye use kar sakte hain.

12. Linguistic minorities ko protect karne ke liye President kya kar sakta hai?

Answer

Agar state ki population ka substantial proportion kisi language ko officially recognise karne ki demand karta hai, to President state ko us language ko officially recognise karne ke direction de sakta hai.

13. Supreme Court aur High Courts ki proceedings ki authoritative language kya hai?

Answer

Constitution ke framework ke according, jab tak Parliament otherwise provide nahi karta, Supreme Court aur High Courts mein proceedings ke liye English ka constitutional position hai.

14. Kya High Court mein Hindi ya state ki official language use ho sakti hai?

Answer

Haan.

Governor, President ki previous consent ke saath, High Court proceedings mein Hindi ya state ki official language ke use ko authorise kar sakta hai.

But: Judgments, decrees aur orders ke saath English translation required hoti hai.

15. State Legislature apne Bills/Acts ko English ke alawa kisi language mein prescribe kar sakti hai?

Answer

Haan.

Lekin unka English translation publish karna required hai.

16. Linguistic minority ke person ko grievance submit karne ke liye language restriction hai?

Answer

Nahi.

Person Union ya State ke kisi officer/authority ko grievance redressal ke liye Union/state mein used language mein representation submit kar sakta hai.

17. Linguistic minority children ke liye mother tongue education ka kya provision hai?

Answer

State aur local authority ko linguistic minority groups ke children ko primary stage par mother tongue mein instruction ki adequate facilities provide karne ka endeavour karna chahiye.

President is purpose ke liye necessary directions issue kar sakta hai.

18. Linguistic minorities ke constitutional safeguards ko investigate karne ke liye kaun appoint hota hai?

Answer

President ek Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities appoint karta hai.

Ye officer linguistic minorities ke constitutional safeguards se related matters investigate karta hai aur President ko report karta hai.

19. Eighth Schedule mein kitni languages hain?

Answer

22 languages.

Important: Eighth Schedule ki languages ko directly “India ki 22 official languages” kehna technically incorrect hai. Ye Scheduled Languages hain.

20. Originally Eighth Schedule mein kitni languages thi?

Answer

Originally 14 languages thi:

• Assamese
• Bengali
• Gujarati
• Hindi
• Kannada
• Kashmiri
• Malayalam
• Marathi
• Odia
• Punjabi
• Sanskrit
• Tamil
• Telugu
• Urdu

21. Sindhi Eighth Schedule mein kab add hui?

Answer

21st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1967

22. Konkani, Manipuri aur Nepali kab add hui?

Answer

71st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992

23. Bodo, Dogri, Maithili aur Santhali kab add hui?

Answer

92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003

24. Classical Language ka concept India mein kab introduce hua?

Answer

Government of India ne 2004 mein “Classical Language” ki separate category create ki.

Classical language status ke criteria 2006 mein laid down kiye gaye.

25. Classical Language ke major criteria kya hain?

Answer

• Language ke early texts/recorded history ki high antiquity, generally 1500–2000 years or more.
• Ancient literature/texts ka substantial body ho jo generations ke speakers ke liye valuable heritage ho.
• Literary tradition original ho, kisi doosri speech community se borrowed na ho.
• Classical language aur literature modern form se sufficiently distinct ho sakte hain; later forms se discontinuity bhi ho sakti hai.

26. Classical Language status milne ke kya benefits hain?

Answer

• Language ke study ke liye Centre of Excellence establish karne mein financial assistance.
• Eminent scholars ke liye major awards ka avenue.
• UGC ko classical language ke eminent scholars ke liye professional chairs create karne ke liye request ki ja sakti hai.

27. India ki Classical Languages ki current list kya hai?

Answer

⚠️ Updated List: Tumhare source ki list 2014 par ruk gayi hai. 2024 mein 5 aur languages ko Classical Language status diya gaya.

Language	Year
Tamil	2004
Sanskrit	2005
Telugu	2008
Kannada	2008
Malayalam	2013
Odia	2014
Marathi	2024
Pali	2024
Prakrit	2024
Assamese	2024
Bengali	2024

Total Classical Languages → 11

CHAPTER 27 — SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES

1. Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes Constitution ke kis Part mein hain?

Answer

Part XVI

Main Articles → 330 to 342A

2. Special provisions ka basic purpose kya hai?

Answer

Constitution kuch historically/socially disadvantaged groups ke interests protect karne ke liye special provisions deta hai.

1. Legislatures mein reservation
2. Special representation
3. Services aur posts mein claims
4. Educational grants
5. National Commissions
6. Backward Classes ki conditions investigate karne ke liye commissions

Logic: Equality ka matlab har person ko exactly same treatment dena hi nahi hai. Kabhi-kabhi historically disadvantaged groups ko level playing field dene ke liye special provisions ki zaroorat hoti hai.

3. Special provisions ko broadly kaise classify kiya ja sakta hai?

Answer

• Permanent vs Temporary
• Protective vs Developmental

4. Kya Constitution khud SC/ST ki caste aur tribe lists specify karta hai?

Answer

Nahi.

President state/UT ke context mein SCs aur STs ko specify karta hai.

Article 341 → Scheduled Castes
Article 342 → Scheduled Tribes

5. SC/ST list mein inclusion ya exclusion ka final power kis ke paas hai?

Answer

President notification issue karta hai, lekin us notification mein kisi caste/tribe ko include ya exclude karne ke liye Parliament ka law required hota hai.

Memory:
President → Initial specification
Parliament → Change in list

6. SC/ST lists state-wise different ho sakti hain?

Answer

Yes.

SC/ST lists state/UT-specific hoti hain.

Isliye koi community ek state mein SC/ST list mein ho sakti hai aur doosre state mein nahi.

7. OBC ke constitutional recognition se related major amendment kaunsa hai?

Answer

102nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2018 ne National Commission for Backward Classes ko constitutional status diya aur Article 338-B insert kiya.

8. Anglo-Indian community ki constitutional definition kya thi?

Answer

Constitution historically Anglo-Indian community ko define karta tha on the basis of European paternal/male-line ancestry, India mein birth/domicile etc.

Exam point: Anglo-Indian representation se related provisions baad mein 104th Constitutional Amendment Act se end kar diye gaye.

9. Lok Sabha aur State Assemblies mein SC/ST reservation kis Article mein hai?

Answer

Article 330 → Lok Sabha mein SC/ST reservation

Article 332 → State Legislative Assemblies mein SC/ST reservation

10. Kya Rajya Sabha mein SC/ST seats reserved hoti hain?

Answer

No.

SC/ST ke liye constitutional seat reservation:

• Lok Sabha → Yes
• State Legislative Assembly → Yes
• Rajya Sabha → No
• State Legislative Council → No

11. Article 334 ka basic subject kya hai?

Answer

Article 334 legislatures mein SC/ST reservation aur historically Anglo-Indian representation ke time-limit framework se related hai.

Important Update: Anglo-Indian nominated representation Parliament aur State Assemblies mein 104th Amendment Act, 2019 ke baad continue nahi hai.

12. Public services mein SC/ST ke claims ke baare mein Constitution kya kehta hai?

Answer

Article 335 ke according, Union aur States ki services/posts mein appointments karte waqt SC/ST ke claims ko administration ki efficiency ke saath consider kiya jana chahiye.

Logic: Representation improve karni hai, lekin administration ki efficiency ko ignore nahi karna hai.

13. Anglo-Indian community ke educational grants ka kya status hai?

Answer

Anglo-Indian educational institutions ko special grants ka constitutional arrangement historically diya gaya tha, lekin ye benefit 1960 ke baad continue nahi raha.

14. National Commission for Scheduled Castes kis Article mein hai?

Answer

Article 338

15. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes kis Article mein hai?

Answer

Article 338-A

SC aur ST ke liye separate commissions 89th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003 se bane.

16. President NCSC/NCST ki reports ke saath kya karta hai?

Answer

President Commission ki reports ko action taken memorandum ke saath Parliament ke dono Houses ke saamne place karta hai.

17. National Commission for Backward Classes ko constitutional status kab mila?

Answer

102nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2018

Article → 338-B

18. National Commission for Backward Classes originally kab establish hua tha?

Answer

1993 mein Parliament ke Act ke through establish hua tha.

Baad mein 102nd Amendment, 2018 ne constitutional status diya.

19. Scheduled Areas aur ST welfare ki administration par Union ka control kaise related hai?

Answer

President ko Scheduled Areas ki administration aur ST welfare ke matters par commission appoint karne ka provision diya gaya hai.

Aisa commission President kisi bhi time appoint kar sakta hai, aur Constitution ke original framework mein commencement ke 10 years ke baad appointment ka specific requirement tha.

20. Scheduled Areas aur ST welfare par important commissions kaun se hain?

Answer

Year	Commission	Chairman
1960	Scheduled Areas/ST Welfare Commission	U. N. Dhebar
2002	Commission on Scheduled Areas/ST Welfare	Dilip Singh Bhuria

21. Backward Classes ki conditions investigate karne ke liye Constitution mein kya provision hai?

Answer

President socially and educationally backward classes ki conditions investigate karne ke liye commission appoint kar sakta hai aur improvement ke measures recommend karwa sakta hai.

22. First Backward Classes Commission ka chairman kaun tha?

Answer

Kaka Kalelkar

Year → 1953

23. Second Backward Classes Commission ka chairman kaun tha?

Answer

B. P. Mandal

Year → 1979

Isliye ise commonly Mandal Commission kaha jata hai.

24. Chapter 27 ka core logic kya hai?

Answer

Constitution ne SC, ST, OBC aur other historically disadvantaged sections ke liye representation, safeguards aur institutional mechanisms provide kiye taaki formal equality ke saath substantive equality bhi achieve ho.

CHAPTER 28 — SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SOME STATES

1. Special provisions for some states Constitution ke kis Part mein hain?

Answer

Part XXI

Main Articles → 371 to 371-J

2. Special provisions kitne states se related hain?

Answer

Main special provisions 12 states se related hain:

1. Maharashtra
2. Gujarat
3. Nagaland
4. Assam
5. Manipur
6. Andhra Pradesh
7. Telangana
8. Sikkim
9. Mizoram
10. Arunachal Pradesh
11. Goa
12. Karnataka

3. In special provisions ka basic objective kya hai?

Answer

• Backward regions ke development aspirations ko address karna.
• Tribal people's cultural aur economic interests protect karna.
• Particular regions ke disturbed law-and-order conditions ko address karna.
• Local people ke interests protect karna.

Simple logic: India ke har state ki historical, tribal, geographical aur developmental situation same nahi hai. Isliye Constitution kuch states ko special constitutional arrangements deta hai.

4. Maharashtra aur Gujarat ko Article 371 ke under kya special provision mila hai?

Answer

Development ke liye separate boards ka provision:

• Vidarbha
• Marathwada
• Rest of Maharashtra
• Saurashtra
• Kutch
• Rest of Gujarat

Boards ki reports → State Legislative Assembly

Objective:

• Development funds ka equitable allocation
• Education facilities
• Vocational training

5. Article 371-A kis state se related hai?

Answer

Nagaland

6. Nagaland ke tribal/religious-cultural matters par Article 371-A kya protection deta hai?

Answer

Parliament ka Act Nagaland mein specified matters par automatically apply nahi hota unless Nagaland Legislative Assembly resolution ke through decide kare.

• Religious or social practices of Nagas
• Naga customary law and procedure
• Administration of civil and criminal justice involving customary law
• Ownership and transfer of land and its resources

Logic: Naga communities ke traditional social/customary systems ko constitutional protection dena.

7. Nagaland mein Governor ko law and order ke regarding special responsibility hai?

Answer

Yes.

Article 371-A ke under Governor ko Nagaland mein law and order ke matter mein special responsibility di gayi hai, particularly specified constitutional framework ke according.

8. Tuensang region kis Article se connected hai?

Answer

Article 371-A — Nagaland

Historical special arrangement mein Tuensang region ke liye regional council aur Governor ki special responsibilities ka provision tha.

9. Article 371-B kis state se related hai?

Answer

Assam

President Assam Legislative Assembly mein tribal areas se elected members ka ek committee create kar sakta hai.

10. Article 371-C kis state se related hai?

Answer

Manipur

President Manipur Legislative Assembly mein Hill Areas ke members ki committee ke creation ka provision kar sakta hai.

11. Manipur Hill Areas ke administration par Governor ki kya role hai?

Answer

Governor ko Hill Areas Committee ke proper functioning ke regarding special responsibility di ja sakti hai.

Governor Hill Areas ke administration ke regarding President ko report karta hai.

Central Government state ko Hill Areas ke administration ke regarding directions de sakti hai.

12. Article 371-D kin states se related hai?

Answer

Andhra Pradesh aur Telangana

13. Article 371-D ka main purpose kya hai?

Answer

Andhra Pradesh aur Telangana ke different regions ke logon ko education aur public employment mein equitable opportunities provide karna.

Iske liye local area arrangements/reservations ka framework create kiya ja sakta hai.

Logic: State ke different regions mein development aur employment opportunities unequal ho sakti hain. Article 371-D regional balance ke liye hai.

14. Article 371-E kya provide karta hai?

Answer

Parliament ko Andhra Pradesh mein Central University establish karne ke liye law banane ki power deta hai.

Memory:
371-D → Regional opportunities
371-E → Central University

15. Andhra Pradesh/Telangana ke context mein Special Administrative Tribunal ka provision kis Article se related hai?

Answer

Article 371-D ke framework mein state civil posts/services ke related matters ke liye special administrative arrangements/tribunal ka provision hai.

16. Article 371-F kis state se related hai?

Answer

Sikkim

17. Sikkim Legislative Assembly ki special composition kya hai?

Answer

Article 371-F ke original special arrangements mein Sikkim ke Legislative Assembly ke liye 30 members ka provision hai.

Sikkim ko Lok Sabha mein one seat bhi diya gaya.

18. Sikkim ke Governor ki special responsibility kya hai?

Answer

Governor ko Sikkim ki population ke different sections ke equitable social and economic advancement ke liye special responsibility di gayi hai.

19. Article 371-G kis state se related hai?

Answer

Mizoram

20. Mizoram ko Article 371-G ke under kya protection mila hai?

Answer

Parliament ke laws automatically specified matters par apply nahi hote unless Mizoram Legislative Assembly decides otherwise.

• Mizos ki religious/social practices
• Mizo customary law and procedure
• Customary law-based civil/criminal justice administration
• Land transfer

Logic: Mizos ke customary and cultural institutions ko protect karna.

21. Mizoram Legislative Assembly mein minimum kitne members hone chahiye?

Answer

40 members

22. Article 371-H kis state se related hai?

Answer

Arunachal Pradesh

23. Arunachal Pradesh mein Governor ki special responsibility kya hai?

Answer

Governor ko law and order ke regarding special responsibility di gayi hai.

24. Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly mein minimum kitne members hain?

Answer

30 members

25. Article 371-I kis state se related hai?

Answer

Goa

Goa Legislative Assembly mein minimum 30 members ka provision hai.

26. Article 371-J kis state se related hai?

Answer

Karnataka

27. Article 371-J Karnataka ke kis region ke development se related hai?

Answer

Formerly Hyderabad-Karnataka Region ke naam se known area ke development ke liye special provisions hain.

⚠️ Current terminology: Region ko officially Kalyana Karnataka Region ke naam se refer kiya jata hai.

28. Article 371-J ka main purpose kya hai?

Answer

Karnataka ke specified region ke:

• development
• education
• employment

ke liye special arrangements provide karna.

Logic: Region historically development indicators mein comparatively backward raha, isliye Constitution ne targeted development mechanism provide kiya.

29. Article 371 se 371-J tak states ko yaad kaise karein?

Answer

Article	State	Main Theme
371	Maharashtra + Gujarat	Development Boards
371-A	Nagaland	Naga customs + land + law & order
371-B	Assam	Tribal Areas Committee
371-C	Manipur	Hill Areas Committee
371-D	AP + Telangana	Regional opportunities
371-E	Andhra Pradesh	Central University
371-F	Sikkim	Special constitutional arrangements
371-G	Mizoram	Mizo customs + land
371-H	Arunachal Pradesh	Law & Order
371-I	Goa	30-member Assembly
371-J	Karnataka	Kalyana Karnataka development

30. Special States ka sabse important conceptual point kya hai?

Answer

Article 371-series ka purpose states ko “more powerful” banana nahi hai. Iska purpose hai particular historical, tribal, regional, cultural aur developmental situations ke according customised constitutional protection dena.

Example: Nagaland aur Mizoram mein focus mainly customary laws, social practices aur land par hai, jabki Maharashtra-Gujarat mein focus regional development boards par hai.

🔥 ULTRA-QUICK REVISION

Topic	Remember
Cooperative constitutional status	97th Amendment, 2011
Cooperative fundamental right	Article 19(1)(c)
Cooperative DPSP	Article 43-B
Cooperative Part	Part IX-B
Cooperative Articles	243-ZH to 243-ZT
Max cooperative directors	21
Board term	5 years
Board supersession/suspension	Maximum 6 months
Official Language Part	Part XVII
Official Language Articles	343–351
Union Official Language	Hindi, Devanagari
Official Languages Act	1963
First Official Language Commission	1955 — B. G. Kher
Pant Committee	1957
Eighth Schedule	22 languages
Originally	14 languages
Sindhi	21st Amendment, 1967
Konkani + Manipuri + Nepali	71st Amendment, 1992
Bodo + Dogri + Maithili + Santhali	92nd Amendment, 2003
Classical Languages	11 currently
Special Classes	Part XVI
SC Commission	Article 338
ST Commission	Article 338-A
BC Commission	Article 338-B
First BC Commission	1953 — Kaka Kalelkar
Second BC Commission	1979 — B. P. Mandal
Special States	Part XXI
Article 371	Maharashtra + Gujarat
371-A	Nagaland
371-B	Assam
371-C	Manipur
371-D	AP + Telangana
371-E	Central University — AP
371-F	Sikkim
371-G	Mizoram
371-H	Arunachal Pradesh
371-I	Goa
371-J	Karnataka — Kalyana Karnataka