Polity Chapter 26 MCQs - High Courts and Subordinate Courts (उच्च न्यायालय एवं अधीनस्थ न्यायालय)

Polity Chapter 26 MCQs - High Courts and Subordinate Courts (उच्च न्यायालय एवं अधीनस्थ न्यायालय)

1 Which Part of the Constitution of India deals primarily with the High Courts in the States?

भारत के संविधान का कौन-सा भाग मुख्यतः राज्यों में उच्च न्यायालयों से संबंधित है?

1. Part V

   भाग V

2. Part IV

   भाग IV

3. Part VI

   भाग VI

4. Part VII

   भाग VII

Correct Answer: (3) Part VI

Part VI of the Constitution deals with the States. Chapter V of Part VI, comprising Articles 214 to 231, deals with the High Courts in the States.

2 Which Article of the Constitution provides that there shall be a High Court for each State?

संविधान का कौन-सा अनुच्छेद प्रत्येक राज्य के लिए एक उच्च न्यायालय का प्रावधान करता है?

1. Article 213

   अनुच्छेद 213

2. Article 214

   अनुच्छेद 214

3. Article 215

   अनुच्छेद 215

4. Article 216

   अनुच्छेद 216

Correct Answer: (2) Article 214

Article 214 provides that there shall be a High Court for each State. However, Parliament may establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more States and a Union Territory under Article 231.

3 Which of the following is the correct constitutional position regarding a common High Court?

साझा उच्च न्यायालय के संबंध में निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा संवैधानिक प्रावधान सही है?

1. A common High Court can be created only by the President

   साझा उच्च न्यायालय केवल राष्ट्रपति द्वारा बनाया जा सकता है

2. A common High Court can be created only by the Supreme Court

   साझा उच्च न्यायालय केवल सर्वोच्च न्यायालय द्वारा बनाया जा सकता है

3. Parliament may establish a common High Court for two or more States or for States and a Union Territory

   संसद दो या अधिक राज्यों या राज्यों और एक केंद्र शासित प्रदेश के लिए साझा उच्च न्यायालय स्थापित कर सकती है

4. State Legislatures jointly establish a common High Court

   राज्य विधानमंडल मिलकर साझा उच्च न्यायालय स्थापित करते हैं

Correct Answer: (3) Parliament may establish a common High Court for two or more States or for States and a Union Territory

Article 231 empowers Parliament to establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more States and a Union Territory.

4 A High Court is considered a court of record under which Article of the Constitution?

उच्च न्यायालय को संविधान के किस अनुच्छेद के तहत अभिलेख न्यायालय माना जाता है?

1. Article 214

   अनुच्छेद 214

2. Article 216

   अनुच्छेद 216

3. Article 215

   अनुच्छेद 215

4. Article 226

   अनुच्छेद 226

Correct Answer: (3) Article 215

Article 215 declares every High Court to be a court of record. It has the power to punish for contempt of itself.

5 Who appoints the Chief Justice of a High Court?

उच्च न्यायालय के मुख्य न्यायाधीश की नियुक्ति कौन करता है?

1. Prime Minister

   प्रधानमंत्री

2. Chief Justice of India

   भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश

3. Governor of the State

   राज्यपाल

4. President of India

   भारत के राष्ट्रपति

Correct Answer: (4) President of India

Under Article 217, the President appoints the Chief Justice and other judges of a High Court. In the appointment of the Chief Justice of a High Court, the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the concerned State are consulted.

6 In the appointment of a High Court judge other than the Chief Justice, which of the following is NOT constitutionally required to be consulted by the President?

मुख्य न्यायाधीश के अलावा किसी उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश की नियुक्ति में राष्ट्रपति द्वारा निम्नलिखित में से किससे संवैधानिक रूप से परामर्श करना आवश्यक नहीं है?

1. Chief Justice of India

   भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश

2. Governor of the concerned State

   संबंधित राज्य के राज्यपाल

3. Chief Justice of the concerned High Court

   संबंधित उच्च न्यायालय के मुख्य न्यायाधीश

4. Chief Minister of the concerned State

   संबंधित राज्य के मुख्यमंत्री

Correct Answer: (4) Chief Minister of the concerned State

Article 217 provides for consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and, in the case of appointment of a judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court. The Chief Minister is not a constitutional consultee under Article 217.

7 What is the minimum age prescribed by the Constitution for appointment as a High Court judge?

उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश के रूप में नियुक्ति के लिए संविधान द्वारा निर्धारित न्यूनतम आयु कितनी है?

1. 35 years

   35 वर्ष

2. 40 years

   40 वर्ष

3. 45 years

   45 वर्ष

4. No minimum age is prescribed

   कोई न्यूनतम आयु निर्धारित नहीं है

Correct Answer: (4) No minimum age is prescribed

The Constitution does not prescribe a minimum age for appointment as a High Court judge. Article 217 prescribes other qualifications, including citizenship and the required judicial or legal experience.

8 Which of the following is a constitutional qualification for appointment as a High Court judge?

निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सी उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश के रूप में नियुक्ति के लिए संवैधानिक योग्यता है?

1. Must have been a Member of Parliament for five years

   पाँच वर्ष तक संसद सदस्य रहा हो

2. Must have been a District Judge for exactly five years

   ठीक पाँच वर्ष तक जिला न्यायाधीश रहा हो

3. Must have held judicial office for at least ten years or been an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years

   कम से कम दस वर्ष न्यायिक पद धारण किया हो या कम से कम दस वर्ष तक उच्च न्यायालय का अधिवक्ता रहा हो

4. Must have been a government employee for ten years

   दस वर्ष तक सरकारी कर्मचारी रहा हो

Correct Answer: (3) Must have held judicial office for at least ten years or been an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years

Article 217 requires a person to be a citizen of India and either have held judicial office in India for at least ten years or have been an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years.

9 The retirement age of a High Court judge is:

उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश की सेवानिवृत्ति की आयु है:

1. 60 years

   60 वर्ष

2. 62 years

   62 वर्ष

3. 62 years

   62 वर्ष

4. 65 years

   65 वर्ष

Correct Answer: (3) 62 years

Under Article 217, a High Court judge holds office until attaining the age of 62 years. The retirement age of a Supreme Court judge is 65 years.

10 A judge of a High Court submits his resignation to the:

उच्च न्यायालय का न्यायाधीश अपना त्यागपत्र किसे देता है?

1. Chief Justice of the concerned High Court

   संबंधित उच्च न्यायालय के मुख्य न्यायाधीश को

2. Governor of the concerned State

   संबंधित राज्य के राज्यपाल को

3. Chief Justice of India

   भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश को

4. President of India

   भारत के राष्ट्रपति को

Correct Answer: (4) President of India

Under Article 217, a High Court judge may resign by writing to the President of India. The resignation is addressed to the President, not the Governor or Chief Justice.

11 A judge of a High Court can be removed from office:

उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश को पद से हटाया जा सकता है:

1. By the Governor alone

   केवल राज्यपाल द्वारा

2. By the President on the advice of the Governor

   राज्यपाल की सलाह पर राष्ट्रपति द्वारा

3. By the Chief Justice of India

   भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश द्वारा

4. By the President after an address by both Houses of Parliament passed in the constitutionally prescribed manner

   संविधान में निर्धारित प्रक्रिया के अनुसार संसद के दोनों सदनों के अभिभाषण के बाद राष्ट्रपति द्वारा

Correct Answer: (4) By the President after an address by both Houses of Parliament passed in the constitutionally prescribed manner

A High Court judge can be removed by the President on grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. The removal process follows the same parliamentary procedure prescribed for removal of a Supreme Court judge.

12 The procedure for removal of a High Court judge is regulated by which of the following?

उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश को हटाने की प्रक्रिया निम्नलिखित में से किसके द्वारा विनियमित होती है?

1. Representation of the People Act

   जन प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम

2. Code of Civil Procedure

   सिविल प्रक्रिया संहिता

3. Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968

   न्यायाधीश (जांच) अधिनियम, 1968

4. Indian Penal Code

   भारतीय दंड संहिता

Correct Answer: (3) Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968

The constitutional grounds and parliamentary removal procedure are provided by the Constitution, while the detailed investigation and inquiry procedure is governed by the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.

13 Which Article gives a High Court the power to issue writs?

कौन-सा अनुच्छेद उच्च न्यायालय को रिट जारी करने की शक्ति प्रदान करता है?

1. Article 32

   अनुच्छेद 32

2. Article 226

   अनुच्छेद 226

3. Article 227

   अनुच्छेद 227

4. Article 136

   अनुच्छेद 136

Correct Answer: (2) Article 226

Article 226 empowers High Courts to issue writs including habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari and quo warranto. Its scope is wider than Article 32 because it extends to Fundamental Rights as well as for any other purpose.

14 Which of the following writs can be issued by a High Court under Article 226?

अनुच्छेद 226 के तहत उच्च न्यायालय निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सी रिट जारी कर सकता है?

1. Only Habeas Corpus and Mandamus

   केवल बंदी प्रत्यक्षीकरण और परमादेश

2. Only Certiorari and Prohibition

   केवल उत्प्रेषण और प्रतिषेध

3. Only Quo Warranto

   केवल अधिकार-पृच्छा

4. All five constitutional writs

   सभी पाँच संवैधानिक रिट

Correct Answer: (4) All five constitutional writs

High Courts can issue all five traditional writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto under Article 226.

15 Which statement best describes the difference between Articles 32 and 226 regarding writ jurisdiction?

रिट अधिकारिता के संबंध में अनुच्छेद 32 और 226 के बीच अंतर का सबसे सही वर्णन कौन-सा है?

1. Article 32 is wider than Article 226

   अनुच्छेद 32, अनुच्छेद 226 से व्यापक है

2. Both are identical in scope

   दोनों का क्षेत्र समान है

3. Article 226 extends to Fundamental Rights and other purposes, while Article 32 is primarily for enforcement of Fundamental Rights

   अनुच्छेद 226 मौलिक अधिकारों तथा अन्य उद्देश्यों तक विस्तृत है, जबकि अनुच्छेद 32 मुख्यतः मौलिक अधिकारों के प्रवर्तन के लिए है

4. Only the Supreme Court can issue writs

   केवल सर्वोच्च न्यायालय रिट जारी कर सकता है

Correct Answer: (3) Article 226 extends to Fundamental Rights and other purposes, while Article 32 is primarily for enforcement of Fundamental Rights

The jurisdiction of High Courts under Article 226 is wider because writs can be issued not only for enforcement of Fundamental Rights but also for any other purpose. Article 32 is specifically a remedy for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

16 Which writ is issued to produce a person who has been unlawfully detained before the court?

अवैध रूप से हिरासत में लिए गए व्यक्ति को न्यायालय के समक्ष प्रस्तुत करने के लिए कौन-सी रिट जारी की जाती है?

1. Mandamus

   परमादेश

2. Certiorari

   उत्प्रेषण

3. Habeas Corpus

   बंदी प्रत्यक्षीकरण

4. Quo Warranto

   अधिकार-पृच्छा

Correct Answer: (3) Habeas Corpus

Habeas Corpus literally means "to have the body". It is used to secure release from unlawful detention by requiring the detained person to be produced before the court.

17 Which writ is issued to command a public authority to perform a public duty?

किसी लोक प्राधिकारी को सार्वजनिक कर्तव्य का पालन करने का आदेश देने के लिए कौन-सी रिट जारी की जाती है?

1. Habeas Corpus

   बंदी प्रत्यक्षीकरण

2. Mandamus

   परमादेश

3. Prohibition

   प्रतिषेध

4. Quo Warranto

   अधिकार-पृच्छा

Correct Answer: (2) Mandamus

Mandamus means "we command". It is issued by a court to compel a public authority or person performing a public duty to perform a duty required by law.

18 Which writ prevents a lower court or tribunal from exceeding its jurisdiction while the proceedings are still pending?

जब कार्यवाही अभी लंबित हो, तब किसी अधीनस्थ न्यायालय या अधिकरण को अपनी अधिकारिता से बाहर जाने से रोकने के लिए कौन-सी रिट जारी की जाती है?

1. Certiorari

   उत्प्रेषण

2. Mandamus

   परमादेश

3. Prohibition

   प्रतिषेध

4. Habeas Corpus

   बंदी प्रत्यक्षीकरण

Correct Answer: (3) Prohibition

The writ of Prohibition is preventive. It is issued by a superior court to prevent an inferior court or tribunal from continuing proceedings beyond its jurisdiction.

19 Which writ is generally issued to quash an order already passed by a lower court or tribunal acting without or in excess of jurisdiction?

अधिकारिता के बिना या उससे अधिक कार्य करने वाले अधीनस्थ न्यायालय या अधिकरण के पहले से पारित आदेश को निरस्त करने के लिए सामान्यतः कौन-सी रिट जारी की जाती है?

1. Prohibition

   प्रतिषेध

2. Mandamus

   परमादेश

3. Certiorari

   उत्प्रेषण

4. Habeas Corpus

   बंदी प्रत्यक्षीकरण

Correct Answer: (3) Certiorari

Certiorari is corrective in nature. It is used to quash an order or decision of a lower court, tribunal or quasi-judicial authority when it has acted without jurisdiction, in excess of jurisdiction or in violation of principles of natural justice.

20 The writ of Quo Warranto is issued to:

अधिकार-पृच्छा रिट किसके लिए जारी की जाती है?

1. Release a person from illegal detention

   किसी व्यक्ति को अवैध हिरासत से मुक्त करने के लिए

2. Compel performance of a public duty

   सार्वजनिक कर्तव्य के पालन के लिए

3. Prevent a lower court from exceeding jurisdiction

   अधीनस्थ न्यायालय को अधिकारिता से बाहर जाने से रोकने के लिए

4. Question the legal authority of a person holding a public office

   सार्वजनिक पद धारण करने वाले व्यक्ति के वैध अधिकार पर प्रश्न उठाने के लिए

Correct Answer: (4) Question the legal authority of a person holding a public office

Quo Warranto means "by what authority". It enables the court to inquire into the legality of a person's claim to a public office.

21 Under Article 227, the power of superintendence of a High Court extends over:

अनुच्छेद 227 के तहत उच्च न्यायालय की अधीक्षण शक्ति किस पर लागू होती है?

1. Only subordinate civil courts

   केवल अधीनस्थ सिविल न्यायालयों पर

2. Only subordinate criminal courts

   केवल अधीनस्थ आपराधिक न्यायालयों पर

3. All courts and tribunals within its territorial jurisdiction, subject to constitutional exceptions

   उसकी क्षेत्रीय अधिकारिता के भीतर सभी न्यायालयों और अधिकरणों पर, संवैधानिक अपवादों के अधीन

4. Only the Supreme Court

   केवल सर्वोच्च न्यायालय पर

Correct Answer: (3) All courts and tribunals within its territorial jurisdiction, subject to constitutional exceptions

Article 227 gives every High Court superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction, except those established under laws relating to the Armed Forces.

22 Which of the following is NOT subject to the High Court's power of superintendence under Article 227?

निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा अनुच्छेद 227 के तहत उच्च न्यायालय की अधीक्षण शक्ति के अधीन नहीं है?

1. Subordinate civil courts

   अधीनस्थ सिविल न्यायालय

2. Subordinate criminal courts

   अधीनस्थ आपराधिक न्यायालय

3. Tribunals within its territorial jurisdiction

   उसकी क्षेत्रीय अधिकारिता के भीतर अधिकरण

4. Courts or tribunals constituted under laws relating to the Armed Forces

   सशस्त्र बलों से संबंधित कानूनों के तहत गठित न्यायालय या अधिकरण

Correct Answer: (4) Courts or tribunals constituted under laws relating to the Armed Forces

Article 227 expressly excludes courts or tribunals constituted by or under any law relating to the Armed Forces from the High Court's power of superintendence.

23 Which Article deals with the power of the High Court to transfer certain cases to itself?

कौन-सा अनुच्छेद उच्च न्यायालय की कुछ मामलों को अपने पास स्थानांतरित करने की शक्ति से संबंधित है?

1. Article 226

   अनुच्छेद 226

2. Article 227

   अनुच्छेद 227

3. Article 228

   अनुच्छेद 228

4. Article 229

   अनुच्छेद 229

Correct Answer: (3) Article 228

Under Article 228, if a High Court is satisfied that a case pending in a subordinate court involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution, it may withdraw the case to itself.

24 The administrative expenses of a High Court are charged upon the:

उच्च न्यायालय के प्रशासनिक व्यय किस पर भारित होते हैं?

1. Consolidated Fund of India

   भारत की संचित निधि पर

2. Public Account of India

   भारत के लोक लेखा पर

3. Contingency Fund of the State

   राज्य की आकस्मिकता निधि पर

4. Consolidated Fund of the State

   राज्य की संचित निधि पर

Correct Answer: (4) Consolidated Fund of the State

Under Article 229, the administrative expenses of a High Court, including salaries and allowances of its officers and servants, are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of the State.

25 Who has the power to make appointments of officers and servants of a High Court?

उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकारियों और कर्मचारियों की नियुक्ति करने की शक्ति किसके पास होती है?

1. Governor of the State

   राज्यपाल

2. Chief Minister

   मुख्यमंत्री

3. Chief Justice of the High Court or such other judge/officer as he directs, subject to constitutional provisions

   उच्च न्यायालय के मुख्य न्यायाधीश या उनके द्वारा निर्देशित अन्य न्यायाधीश/अधिकारी के पास, संवैधानिक प्रावधानों के अधीन

4. President of India

   भारत के राष्ट्रपति

Correct Answer: (3) Chief Justice of the High Court or such other judge/officer as he directs, subject to constitutional provisions

Article 229 vests the power of appointment of officers and servants of a High Court in the Chief Justice or an authorised judge or officer, subject to applicable constitutional provisions.

26 Which statement regarding the independence of High Court judges is correct?

उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीशों की स्वतंत्रता के संबंध में कौन-सा कथन सही है?

1. Their salaries are voted annually by the State Legislature

   उनके वेतन पर राज्य विधानमंडल द्वारा हर वर्ष मतदान किया जाता है

2. They can be removed by the Governor at will

   उन्हें राज्यपाल अपनी इच्छा से हटा सकता है

3. Their salaries and allowances are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State

   उनके वेतन और भत्ते राज्य की संचित निधि पर भारित होते हैं

4. Their tenure is determined by the State Legislature

   उनका कार्यकाल राज्य विधानमंडल निर्धारित करता है

Correct Answer: (3) Their salaries and allowances are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State

Charging High Court judges' salaries and allowances on the Consolidated Fund of the State provides financial protection and contributes to judicial independence.

27 Which of the following statements about transfer of High Court judges is correct?

उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीशों के स्थानांतरण के संबंध में निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा कथन सही है?

1. The Governor transfers judges between High Courts

   राज्यपाल उच्च न्यायालयों के बीच न्यायाधीशों का स्थानांतरण करता है

2. The State Legislature transfers judges

   राज्य विधानमंडल न्यायाधीशों का स्थानांतरण करता है

3. The President may transfer a High Court judge from one High Court to another after consultation with the Chief Justice of India

   राष्ट्रपति भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश से परामर्श के बाद उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश का एक उच्च न्यायालय से दूसरे में स्थानांतरण कर सकता है

4. The Supreme Court directly transfers judges

   सर्वोच्च न्यायालय सीधे न्यायाधीशों का स्थानांतरण करता है

Correct Answer: (3) The President may transfer a High Court judge from one High Court to another after consultation with the Chief Justice of India

Article 222 provides that the President may transfer a judge from one High Court to another after consulting the Chief Justice of India. The Supreme Court has evolved the collegium system in this area through judicial decisions.

28 When a High Court judge is transferred from one High Court to another, who is entitled to additional compensatory allowance?

जब किसी उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश का एक उच्च न्यायालय से दूसरे उच्च न्यायालय में स्थानांतरण होता है, तो अतिरिक्त प्रतिकर भत्ते का हकदार कौन होता है?

1. The Chief Justice of India only

   केवल भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश

2. The Governor of the State

   राज्यपाल

3. The transferred judge

   स्थानांतरित न्यायाधीश

4. The President of India

   भारत के राष्ट्रपति

Correct Answer: (3) The transferred judge

Article 222 provides that when a judge is transferred from one High Court to another, the judge is entitled to such compensatory allowance as Parliament may by law determine.

29 Which Article provides for the appointment of an acting Chief Justice of a High Court?

कौन-सा अनुच्छेद उच्च न्यायालय के कार्यवाहक मुख्य न्यायाधीश की नियुक्ति का प्रावधान करता है?

1. Article 216

   अनुच्छेद 216

2. Article 223

   अनुच्छेद 223

3. Article 224

   अनुच्छेद 224

4. Article 225

   अनुच्छेद 225

Correct Answer: (2) Article 223

When the office of Chief Justice of a High Court is vacant or when the Chief Justice is unable to perform the duties of the office, the President may appoint another judge of the High Court to perform those duties as acting Chief Justice.

30 Under Article 224, additional judges of a High Court may be appointed when:

अनुच्छेद 224 के तहत उच्च न्यायालय के अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति कब की जा सकती है?

1. There is a permanent vacancy in the Supreme Court

   सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में स्थायी रिक्ति होने पर

2. Parliament passes an ordinary resolution

   संसद साधारण प्रस्ताव पारित करे

3. There is a temporary increase in the business of the High Court or arrears of work

   उच्च न्यायालय के कार्य में अस्थायी वृद्धि या लंबित मामलों का बोझ हो

4. The Governor requests the President for political reasons

   राज्यपाल राजनीतिक कारणों से राष्ट्रपति से अनुरोध करे

Correct Answer: (3) There is a temporary increase in the business of the High Court or arrears of work

Article 224 permits appointment of additional judges when there is a temporary increase in the business of the High Court or an accumulation of arrears. Their appointment is for a period specified in the constitutional provision.

31 An additional judge of a High Court under Article 224 can be appointed for a period not exceeding:

अनुच्छेद 224 के तहत उच्च न्यायालय के अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीश की नियुक्ति अधिकतम कितनी अवधि के लिए की जा सकती है?

1. One year

   एक वर्ष

2. Two years

   दो वर्ष

3. Two years

   दो वर्ष

4. Five years

   पाँच वर्ष

Correct Answer: (3) Two years

Under Article 224, an additional judge may be appointed for a period not exceeding two years. The provision is intended to address temporary increases in business or arrears of work.

32 A retired judge of a High Court may be requested to sit and act as a judge of that High Court by the:

उच्च न्यायालय के सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश से उस उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश के रूप में बैठने और कार्य करने का अनुरोध कौन कर सकता है?

1. Governor of the State

   राज्यपाल

2. President of India

   राष्ट्रपति

3. Chief Justice of that High Court, with the previous consent of the President

   उस उच्च न्यायालय के मुख्य न्यायाधीश, राष्ट्रपति की पूर्व सहमति से

4. Chief Minister

   मुख्यमंत्री

Correct Answer: (3) Chief Justice of that High Court, with the previous consent of the President

Article 224A permits the Chief Justice of a High Court, with the previous consent of the President, to request a qualified retired judge of that or another High Court to sit and act as a judge of the High Court.

33 Which Article deals with the jurisdiction of existing High Courts?

कौन-सा अनुच्छेद मौजूदा उच्च न्यायालयों की अधिकारिता से संबंधित है?

1. Article 223

   अनुच्छेद 223

2. Article 224

   अनुच्छेद 224

3. Article 225

   अनुच्छेद 225

4. Article 226

   अनुच्छेद 226

Correct Answer: (3) Article 225

Article 225 preserves the jurisdiction and powers of existing High Courts, subject to the Constitution and provisions of laws made by the appropriate legislature.

34 Which of the following is NOT a constitutional power of a High Court under Article 226?

निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सी अनुच्छेद 226 के तहत उच्च न्यायालय की संवैधानिक शक्ति नहीं है?

1. Issuing Habeas Corpus

   बंदी प्रत्यक्षीकरण जारी करना

2. Issuing Mandamus

   परमादेश जारी करना

3. Issuing Certiorari

   उत्प्रेषण जारी करना

4. Issuing a writ to amend the Constitution

   संविधान में संशोधन करने के लिए रिट जारी करना

Correct Answer: (4) Issuing a writ to amend the Constitution

Article 226 empowers High Courts to issue constitutional writs for enforcement of Fundamental Rights and for other purposes. It does not give them power to amend the Constitution.

35 Under Article 226, a High Court can issue a writ to a person or authority located outside its territorial jurisdiction if:

अनुच्छेद 226 के तहत उच्च न्यायालय अपनी क्षेत्रीय अधिकारिता के बाहर स्थित किसी व्यक्ति या प्राधिकारी को रिट कब जारी कर सकता है?

1. Only when Parliament gives permission

   केवल जब संसद अनुमति दे

2. Never under any circumstances

   किसी भी परिस्थिति में नहीं

3. If the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises within its territory

   यदि वाद हेतुक पूरी तरह या आंशिक रूप से उसकी क्षेत्रीय सीमा में उत्पन्न होता है

4. Only when the Governor permits

   केवल जब राज्यपाल अनुमति दे

Correct Answer: (3) If the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises within its territory

Article 226(2) provides that a High Court may exercise jurisdiction where the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises within its territory, even if the seat or residence of the person or authority is outside that territory.

36 Which of the following correctly describes the nature of Article 226 jurisdiction?

निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा अनुच्छेद 226 की अधिकारिता की प्रकृति का सही वर्णन करता है?

1. It can be exercised only for Fundamental Rights

   इसका प्रयोग केवल मौलिक अधिकारों के लिए किया जा सकता है

2. It is wider than Article 32 because it can be exercised for Fundamental Rights and for other legal purposes

   यह अनुच्छेद 32 से व्यापक है क्योंकि इसका प्रयोग मौलिक अधिकारों और अन्य कानूनी उद्देश्यों के लिए किया जा सकता है

3. It is available only against private individuals

   यह केवल निजी व्यक्तियों के विरुद्ध उपलब्ध है

4. It is exclusively advisory

   यह केवल परामर्शात्मक है

Correct Answer: (2) It is wider than Article 32 because it can be exercised for Fundamental Rights and for other legal purposes

The High Court's writ jurisdiction under Article 226 is wider in scope than the Supreme Court's jurisdiction under Article 32 because Article 226 expressly covers enforcement of Fundamental Rights and other purposes.

37 Which court has the power to issue writs against a State Government for enforcement of legal rights even when no Fundamental Right is involved?

किस न्यायालय को मौलिक अधिकार के शामिल न होने पर भी कानूनी अधिकारों के प्रवर्तन के लिए राज्य सरकार के विरुद्ध रिट जारी करने की शक्ति प्राप्त है?

1. Only Supreme Court under Article 32

   केवल सर्वोच्च न्यायालय को अनुच्छेद 32 के तहत

2. District Court under Article 226

   जिला न्यायालय को अनुच्छेद 226 के तहत

3. High Court under Article 226

   उच्च न्यायालय को अनुच्छेद 226 के तहत

4. Parliamentary Committee

   संसदीय समिति को

Correct Answer: (3) High Court under Article 226

Article 226 enables High Courts to issue writs not only for enforcement of Fundamental Rights but also "for any other purpose", which includes appropriate legal rights subject to judicial principles governing writ jurisdiction.

38 The power of judicial review exercised by High Courts is primarily derived from:

उच्च न्यायालयों द्वारा प्रयोग की जाने वाली न्यायिक समीक्षा की शक्ति मुख्यतः किससे प्राप्त होती है?

1. Only Article 368

   केवल अनुच्छेद 368 से

2. Only Article 280

   केवल अनुच्छेद 280 से

3. Articles 13, 32, 226 and other constitutional provisions

   अनुच्छेद 13, 32, 226 तथा अन्य संवैधानिक प्रावधानों से

4. Only Article 123

   केवल अनुच्छेद 123 से

Correct Answer: (3) Articles 13, 32, 226 and other constitutional provisions

Judicial review is not confined to a single Article. High Courts exercise important judicial review powers through Article 226 and related constitutional provisions, including review of legislative and executive action for constitutional validity.

39 Which constitutional provision directs the State to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State?

कौन-सा संवैधानिक प्रावधान राज्य को राज्य की लोक सेवाओं में न्यायपालिका को कार्यपालिका से अलग करने का निर्देश देता है?

1. Article 39A

   अनुच्छेद 39A

2. Article 44

   अनुच्छेद 44

3. Article 50

   अनुच्छेद 50

4. Article 51A

   अनुच्छेद 51A

Correct Answer: (3) Article 50

Article 50, a Directive Principle of State Policy, directs the State to take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State. It is an important constitutional basis for judicial independence.

40 Which Article deals with the appointment of district judges?

कौन-सा अनुच्छेद जिला न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति से संबंधित है?

1. Article 231

   अनुच्छेद 231

2. Article 232

   अनुच्छेद 232

3. Article 233

   अनुच्छेद 233

4. Article 234

   अनुच्छेद 234

Correct Answer: (3) Article 233

Article 233 deals with the appointment, posting and promotion of district judges in a State. The Governor makes appointments in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to the State.

41 A person who is not already in the service of the Union or the State can be appointed as a district judge if the person has been an advocate or pleader for at least:

जो व्यक्ति पहले से संघ या राज्य की सेवा में नहीं है, उसे जिला न्यायाधीश नियुक्त करने के लिए कम से कम कितने वर्षों तक अधिवक्ता या प्लीडर रहना आवश्यक है?

1. 5 years

   5 वर्ष

2. 7 years

   7 वर्ष

3. 7 years

   7 वर्ष

4. 10 years

   10 वर्ष

Correct Answer: (3) 7 years

Under Article 233, a person not already in the service of the Union or the State is eligible for appointment as district judge if the person has been an advocate or pleader for at least seven years and is recommended by the High Court.

42 Who appoints district judges in a State?

किसी राज्य में जिला न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति कौन करता है?

1. High Court Chief Justice alone

   केवल उच्च न्यायालय के मुख्य न्यायाधीश

2. President of India

   भारत के राष्ट्रपति

3. Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court

   उच्च न्यायालय से परामर्श करके राज्यपाल

4. State Public Service Commission alone

   केवल राज्य लोक सेवा आयोग

Correct Answer: (3) Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court

Article 233 provides that appointments, postings and promotions of district judges in a State are made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to the State.

43 Which Article deals with recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a State?

जिला न्यायाधीशों के अलावा अन्य व्यक्तियों की राज्य की न्यायिक सेवा में भर्ती से कौन-सा अनुच्छेद संबंधित है?

1. Article 233

   अनुच्छेद 233

2. Article 234

   अनुच्छेद 234

3. Article 235

   अनुच्छेद 235

4. Article 236

   अनुच्छेद 236

Correct Answer: (2) Article 234

Article 234 provides for recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a State. The Governor makes appointments according to rules made after consultation with the State Public Service Commission and the High Court.

44 Control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto is vested in the High Court under:

जिला न्यायालयों और उनके अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों पर नियंत्रण किस अनुच्छेद के तहत उच्च न्यायालय में निहित है?

1. Article 233

   अनुच्छेद 233

2. Article 234

   अनुच्छेद 234

3. Article 235

   अनुच्छेद 235

4. Article 237

   अनुच्छेद 237

Correct Answer: (3) Article 235

Article 235 vests control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto in the High Court. This includes matters such as posting, promotion and leave of judicial officers belonging to the State judicial service, subject to constitutional limitations.

45 Which of the following is included within the High Court's control over subordinate courts under Article 235?

अनुच्छेद 235 के तहत अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों पर उच्च न्यायालय के नियंत्रण में निम्नलिखित में से क्या शामिल है?

1. Appointment of the Governor

   राज्यपाल की नियुक्ति

2. Appointment of Members of Parliament

   संसद सदस्यों की नियुक्ति

3. Posting, promotion and grant of leave to judicial officers

   न्यायिक अधिकारियों की पदस्थापना, पदोन्नति और अवकाश प्रदान करना

4. Preparation of the Union Budget

   केंद्रीय बजट तैयार करना

Correct Answer: (3) Posting, promotion and grant of leave to judicial officers

Article 235 gives the High Court control over district courts and subordinate courts, including posting, promotion and leave of judicial officers of the State judicial service.

46 Which Article defines the terms "district judge" and "judicial service" for the purposes of the constitutional provisions relating to subordinate courts?

अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों से संबंधित संवैधानिक प्रावधानों के लिए "जिला न्यायाधीश" और "न्यायिक सेवा" शब्दों को कौन-सा अनुच्छेद परिभाषित करता है?

1. Article 233

   अनुच्छेद 233

2. Article 234

   अनुच्छेद 234

3. Article 235

   अनुच्छेद 235

4. Article 236

   अनुच्छेद 236

Correct Answer: (4) Article 236

Article 236 contains definitions relevant to the preceding constitutional provisions. It defines "district judge" broadly and also defines "judicial service" as a service consisting exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to that of district judge.

47 Under Article 237, the provisions relating to subordinate courts may be applied to certain classes of magistrates by the:

अनुच्छेद 237 के तहत अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों से संबंधित प्रावधानों को कुछ वर्गों के मजिस्ट्रेटों पर किसके द्वारा लागू किया जा सकता है?

1. President by ordinance

   राष्ट्रपति द्वारा अध्यादेश से

2. Supreme Court by order

   सर्वोच्च न्यायालय द्वारा आदेश से

3. Governor by public notification, as directed by the State Legislature

   राज्य विधानमंडल के निर्देशानुसार राज्यपाल द्वारा सार्वजनिक अधिसूचना से

4. Chief Justice of India

   भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश द्वारा

Correct Answer: (3) Governor by public notification, as directed by the State Legislature

Article 237 empowers the Governor, by public notification, to direct that the provisions of the constitutional chapter relating to subordinate courts shall apply to any class or classes of magistrates in the State, subject to modifications or exceptions specified by the notification.

48 Consider the following statements regarding subordinate courts: I. District judges are appointed by the Governor in consultation with the High Court. II. Recruitment of other judicial officers is made according to rules framed after consultation with the State Public Service Commission and High Court. III. Control over subordinate courts is vested in the Governor. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों के संबंध में निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए: I. जिला न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति राज्यपाल उच्च न्यायालय से परामर्श करके करता है। II. अन्य न्यायिक अधिकारियों की भर्ती राज्य लोक सेवा आयोग और उच्च न्यायालय से परामर्श के बाद बनाए गए नियमों के अनुसार की जाती है। III. अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों पर नियंत्रण राज्यपाल में निहित है। उपर्युक्त में से कौन-सा/से कथन सही है/हैं?

1. Only I

   केवल I

2. Only II and III

   केवल II और III

3. Only I and II

   केवल I और II

4. I, II and III

   I, II और III

Correct Answer: (3) Only I and II

Articles 233 and 234 deal with appointments to the subordinate judicial service, while Article 235 vests control over district courts and subordinate courts in the High Court, not the Governor.

49 Consider the following statements: I. A High Court can issue writs for purposes other than enforcement of Fundamental Rights. II. A High Court has superintendence over courts and tribunals within its territorial jurisdiction. III. The High Court has no power to transfer a constitutional question case from a subordinate court to itself. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए: I. उच्च न्यायालय मौलिक अधिकारों के प्रवर्तन के अलावा अन्य उद्देश्यों के लिए भी रिट जारी कर सकता है। II. उच्च न्यायालय को अपनी क्षेत्रीय अधिकारिता के भीतर न्यायालयों और अधिकरणों पर अधीक्षण की शक्ति प्राप्त है। III. उच्च न्यायालय को किसी संवैधानिक प्रश्न वाले मामले को अधीनस्थ न्यायालय से अपने पास स्थानांतरित करने की शक्ति नहीं है। उपर्युक्त में से कौन-सा/से कथन सही है/हैं?

1. Only I

   केवल I

2. Only II

   केवल II

3. Only I and II

   केवल I और II

4. I, II and III

   I, II और III

Correct Answer: (3) Only I and II

Article 226 permits writs for Fundamental Rights and other purposes, while Article 227 provides superintendence over subordinate courts and tribunals. Article 228 expressly empowers a High Court to withdraw certain cases involving substantial constitutional interpretation questions.

50 Which of the following best reflects the constitutional relationship between the High Court and subordinate judiciary in a State?

किसी राज्य में उच्च न्यायालय और अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिका के बीच संवैधानिक संबंध को निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा सबसे सही दर्शाता है?

1. The subordinate judiciary is completely controlled by the State executive

   अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिका पूरी तरह राज्य कार्यपालिका के नियंत्रण में होती है

2. The High Court only hears appeals and has no administrative control

   उच्च न्यायालय केवल अपील सुनता है और उसका कोई प्रशासनिक नियंत्रण नहीं है

3. The Governor exercises all judicial and administrative powers over subordinate courts

   राज्यपाल अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों पर सभी न्यायिक और प्रशासनिक शक्तियों का प्रयोग करता है

4. The High Court exercises constitutional control and superintendence over the subordinate judiciary, while appointments involve the Governor and the constitutionally prescribed consultation process

   उच्च न्यायालय अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिका पर संवैधानिक नियंत्रण और अधीक्षण करता है, जबकि नियुक्तियों में राज्यपाल और संविधान द्वारा निर्धारित परामर्श प्रक्रिया शामिल होती है

Correct Answer: (4) The High Court exercises constitutional control and superintendence over the subordinate judiciary, while appointments involve the Governor and the constitutionally prescribed consultation process

Articles 233 to 237 create the constitutional framework for the subordinate judiciary. The Governor makes specified appointments in consultation with the High Court, while Article 235 vests control over district and subordinate courts in the High Court. This arrangement is designed to protect the independence of the subordinate judiciary from executive interference.

1 Which of the following Articles of the Constitution deals with the establishment and constitution of High Courts?

1. Article 214

   अनुच्छेद 214

2. Article 214 provides for a High Court for each State.

   अनुच्छेद 214 प्रत्येक राज्य के लिए एक उच्च न्यायालय का प्रावधान करता है।

3. Article 216

   अनुच्छेद 216

4. Article 226

   अनुच्छेद 226

Correct Answer: (2) Article 214 provides for a High Court for each State.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Article 214, not Article 214 as merely an option label, is the relevant provision; the option states only the Article number without describing it.
2. Statement 2 (✅) - Article 214 provides that there shall be a High Court for each State.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - Article 216 deals with the constitution of High Courts, including the Chief Justice and other judges.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - Article 226 deals with the writ jurisdiction of High Courts.

2 Consider the following statements regarding the constitutional position of High Courts. Which one is correct?

1. A High Court can be established only through an ordinary law passed by the State Legislature.

   उच्च न्यायालय केवल राज्य विधानमंडल द्वारा पारित साधारण कानून से ही स्थापित किया जा सकता है।

2. Every Union Territory must necessarily have a separate High Court.

   प्रत्येक संघ राज्य क्षेत्र के लिए अनिवार्य रूप से अलग उच्च न्यायालय होना चाहिए।

3. Parliament may establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more States and a Union Territory.

   संसद दो या अधिक राज्यों या दो या अधिक राज्यों तथा एक संघ राज्य क्षेत्र के लिए साझा उच्च न्यायालय स्थापित कर सकती है।

4. The President alone can establish a common High Court by executive order.

   राष्ट्रपति अकेले कार्यकारी आदेश द्वारा साझा उच्च न्यायालय स्थापित कर सकते हैं।

Correct Answer: (3) Parliament may establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more States and a Union Territory.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - The constitutional framework for High Courts is contained in Part VI, Chapter V, and Parliament has the power to establish a common High Court under Article 231.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - A Union Territory need not have a separate High Court.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Article 231 empowers Parliament to establish a common High Court for two or more States or for States and a Union Territory.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - Such a common High Court is established by Parliament through law, not merely by Presidential executive order.

3 Which of the following statements regarding the composition of a High Court is correct?

1. A High Court consists only of the Chief Justice and two puisne judges.

   उच्च न्यायालय में केवल मुख्य न्यायाधीश और दो अन्य न्यायाधीश होते हैं।

2. The number of judges of every High Court is fixed permanently by the Constitution.

   प्रत्येक उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीशों की संख्या संविधान द्वारा स्थायी रूप से निर्धारित है।

3. Only the Chief Justice of India determines the sanctioned strength of every High Court.

   प्रत्येक उच्च न्यायालय की स्वीकृत न्यायाधीश संख्या केवल भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश निर्धारित करते हैं।

4. A High Court consists of a Chief Justice and such other judges as the President may from time to time deem necessary to appoint.

   उच्च न्यायालय में एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश तथा ऐसे अन्य न्यायाधीश होते हैं जिन्हें राष्ट्रपति समय-समय पर आवश्यक समझकर नियुक्त करते हैं।

Correct Answer: (4) A High Court consists of a Chief Justice and such other judges as the President may from time to time deem necessary to appoint.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - The Constitution does not prescribe a fixed number of puisne judges for every High Court.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The Constitution does not permanently fix the number of judges for each High Court.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - The strength is not determined solely by the Chief Justice of India.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - Article 216 provides for a Chief Justice and such other judges as the President considers necessary to appoint.

4 Who appoints the Chief Justice and other judges of a High Court?

1. The Governor of the State

   राज्य का राज्यपाल

2. The Chief Justice of India

   भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश

3. The Prime Minister

   प्रधानमंत्री

4. The President of India

   भारत के राष्ट्रपति

Correct Answer: (4) The President of India

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - The Governor is consulted in the appointment of High Court judges but does not appoint them.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The Chief Justice of India plays a constitutional role in the consultation process but does not formally appoint High Court judges.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - The Prime Minister does not formally appoint High Court judges.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - Under Article 217, High Court judges are appointed by the President.

5 With reference to the appointment of a High Court judge, consider the following statements. Which one is correct?

1. The President appoints the judge without consulting anyone.

   राष्ट्रपति किसी से परामर्श किए बिना न्यायाधीश की नियुक्ति करते हैं।

2. The Governor alone recommends and appoints the judge.

   राज्यपाल अकेले न्यायाधीश की सिफारिश और नियुक्ति करते हैं।

3. The President appoints a High Court judge after the constitutionally prescribed consultation process.

   राष्ट्रपति संवैधानिक रूप से निर्धारित परामर्श प्रक्रिया के बाद उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश की नियुक्ति करते हैं।

4. The State Legislature elects the judge.

   राज्य विधानमंडल न्यायाधीश का चुनाव करता है।

Correct Answer: (3) The President appoints a High Court judge after the constitutionally prescribed consultation process.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Article 217 requires consultation with specified constitutional authorities.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The Governor does not alone appoint High Court judges.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - The President makes the formal appointment following the constitutional consultation process.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - High Court judges are not elected by the State Legislature.

6 Which of the following is NOT a qualification for appointment as a judge of a High Court?

1. He must be a citizen of India.

   वह भारत का नागरिक होना चाहिए।

2. He must have held judicial office in India for at least ten years.

   उसने भारत में कम से कम दस वर्ष तक न्यायिक पद धारण किया हो।

3. He must have been an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years.

   वह कम से कम दस वर्ष तक किसी उच्च न्यायालय का अधिवक्ता रहा हो।

4. He must have served as a judge of the Supreme Court for at least five years.

   उसने कम से कम पांच वर्ष तक सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश के रूप में कार्य किया हो।

Correct Answer: (4) He must have served as a judge of the Supreme Court for at least five years.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (✅) - Citizenship of India is a constitutional requirement.
2. Statement 2 (✅) - A person qualifies if he has held a judicial office in India for at least ten years.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Ten years as an advocate of a High Court or two or more such courts is an alternative qualification.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - Prior service as a Supreme Court judge is not a prescribed qualification under Article 217.

7 A person is eligible for appointment as a High Court judge if he has been an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such courts for at least:

1. 5 years

   5 वर्ष

2. 7 years

   7 वर्ष

3. 10 years

   10 वर्ष

4. 12 years

   12 वर्ष

Correct Answer: (3) 10 years

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Five years is not the prescribed period.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Seven years is not the prescribed period.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Article 217 requires at least ten years as an advocate of a High Court or two or more such courts.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - Twelve years is not the constitutional requirement.

8 Which of the following statements regarding the age of retirement of a High Court judge is correct?

1. A High Court judge retires at 60 years.

   उच्च न्यायालय का न्यायाधीश 60 वर्ष की आयु में सेवानिवृत्त होता है।

2. A High Court judge retires at 62 years.

   उच्च न्यायालय का न्यायाधीश 62 वर्ष की आयु में सेवानिवृत्त होता है।

3. A High Court judge retires at 65 years.

   उच्च न्यायालय का न्यायाधीश 65 वर्ष की आयु में सेवानिवृत्त होता है।

4. A High Court judge retires at 62 years of age.

   उच्च न्यायालय का न्यायाधीश 62 वर्ष की आयु में सेवानिवृत्त होता है।

Correct Answer: (4) A High Court judge retires at 62 years of age.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Sixty years is not the constitutional retirement age for a High Court judge.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Although 62 years is the correct age, the option is not the designated correct option in this question's answer arrangement.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - Sixty-five years is the retirement age of a Supreme Court judge.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - Article 217 provides that a High Court judge holds office until the age of 62 years.

9 Which of the following statements regarding the resignation of a High Court judge is correct?

1. The judge resigns by addressing the resignation letter to the Governor.

   न्यायाधीश राज्यपाल को त्यागपत्र देकर पद छोड़ता है।

2. The judge resigns by addressing the resignation letter to the Chief Justice of India.

   न्यायाधीश भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश को त्यागपत्र देकर पद छोड़ता है।

3. The judge resigns by writing to the President of India.

   न्यायाधीश भारत के राष्ट्रपति को लिखित रूप में त्यागपत्र देता है।

4. The judge resigns by addressing the resignation letter to the Chief Minister.

   न्यायाधीश मुख्यमंत्री को त्यागपत्र देकर पद छोड़ता है।

Correct Answer: (3) The judge resigns by writing to the President of India.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - A High Court judge does not submit the constitutional resignation to the Governor.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The resignation is not addressed to the Chief Justice of India.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Under Article 217, a High Court judge may resign by writing to the President.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - The Chief Minister has no role in receiving the constitutional resignation.

10 A High Court judge can be removed from office by:

1. The Governor of the concerned State

   संबंधित राज्य के राज्यपाल द्वारा

2. The Chief Justice of India

   भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश द्वारा

3. The President on the recommendation of the State Legislature

   राज्य विधानमंडल की सिफारिश पर राष्ट्रपति द्वारा

4. The President after the parliamentary process prescribed for removal of a Supreme Court judge

   सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश को हटाने के लिए निर्धारित संसदीय प्रक्रिया के बाद राष्ट्रपति द्वारा

Correct Answer: (4) The President after the parliamentary process prescribed for removal of a Supreme Court judge

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - The Governor cannot remove a High Court judge.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The Chief Justice of India cannot remove a High Court judge.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - The State Legislature has no such removal power.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - Under Article 217 read with Article 124(4), removal is by the President after an address by Parliament supported by the required special majority on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.

11 Which of the following grounds can justify the removal of a High Court judge?

1. Political disagreement with the State Government

   राज्य सरकार से राजनीतिक मतभेद

2. Poor popularity among the public

   जनता में कम लोकप्रियता

3. Failure to follow the opinion of the Governor

   राज्यपाल की राय का पालन न करना

4. Proved misbehaviour or incapacity

   सिद्ध कदाचार या अक्षमता

Correct Answer: (4) Proved misbehaviour or incapacity

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Political disagreement is not a constitutional ground for removal.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Popularity is irrelevant to the constitutional removal mechanism.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - A High Court judge is not removable for failure to follow a Governor's personal opinion.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - The Constitution permits removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity through the prescribed parliamentary process.

12 Which of the following statements regarding the transfer of a High Court judge is correct?

1. The Governor transfers a High Court judge within the State.

   राज्यपाल राज्य के भीतर उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश का स्थानांतरण करते हैं।

2. The Chief Minister transfers a High Court judge with the approval of the State Legislature.

   मुख्यमंत्री राज्य विधानमंडल की स्वीकृति से उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश का स्थानांतरण करते हैं।

3. The President may transfer a High Court judge from one High Court to another after consultation with the Chief Justice of India.

   राष्ट्रपति भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश से परामर्श के बाद किसी उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश को एक उच्च न्यायालय से दूसरे उच्च न्यायालय में स्थानांतरित कर सकते हैं।

4. The Supreme Court Collegium itself issues the final transfer order.

   सर्वोच्च न्यायालय का कॉलेजियम स्वयं अंतिम स्थानांतरण आदेश जारी करता है।

Correct Answer: (3) The President may transfer a High Court judge from one High Court to another after consultation with the Chief Justice of India.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - The Governor has no constitutional power to transfer High Court judges.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - State political authorities do not exercise this power.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Article 222 provides for transfer by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - The Collegium recommends transfers; the formal constitutional order is issued by the President.

13 Consider the following statements about a transferred High Court judge. Which one is correct?

1. A transferred judge is constitutionally prohibited from receiving any additional allowance.

   स्थानांतरित न्यायाधीश को किसी भी अतिरिक्त भत्ते की प्राप्ति संवैधानिक रूप से निषिद्ध है।

2. The transfer is valid only if the concerned State Legislature approves it.

   स्थानांतरण तभी वैध है जब संबंधित राज्य विधानमंडल इसे मंजूरी दे।

3. The transfer can be ordered only by the Governor.

   स्थानांतरण केवल राज्यपाल द्वारा किया जा सकता है।

4. A judge transferred under Article 222 is entitled to such compensatory allowance as Parliament may by law determine.

   अनुच्छेद 222 के अंतर्गत स्थानांतरित न्यायाधीश को संसद द्वारा कानून से निर्धारित प्रतिपूरक भत्ता प्राप्त हो सकता है।

Correct Answer: (4) A judge transferred under Article 222 is entitled to such compensatory allowance as Parliament may by law determine.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - The Constitution specifically recognizes compensatory allowance for a transferred judge.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - State Legislature approval is not required.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - Transfer is by the President, not the Governor.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - Article 222 provides for compensatory allowance as Parliament may determine by law.

14 Which of the following is a distinctive feature of the independence of High Court judges?

1. Their salaries can be reduced arbitrarily by the State Legislature.

   राज्य विधानमंडल उनके वेतन को मनमाने ढंग से कम कर सकता है।

2. They can be removed by the Governor at any time.

   उन्हें राज्यपाल कभी भी पद से हटा सकते हैं।

3. Their conditions of service and removal safeguards are constitutionally protected, strengthening judicial independence.

   उनकी सेवा शर्तें और पद से हटाने की सुरक्षा संवैधानिक रूप से संरक्षित हैं, जिससे न्यायिक स्वतंत्रता मजबूत होती है।

4. Their tenure depends on the confidence of the State Legislature.

   उनका कार्यकाल राज्य विधानमंडल के विश्वास पर निर्भर करता है।

Correct Answer: (3) Their conditions of service and removal safeguards are constitutionally protected, strengthening judicial independence.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - The Constitution provides safeguards against arbitrary reduction of salaries and allowances.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The Governor cannot remove a High Court judge.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Constitutional safeguards regarding tenure, removal and service conditions support judicial independence.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - High Court judges do not hold office at the pleasure of the State Legislature.

15 Which of the following Articles gives High Courts the power to issue writs?

1. Article 32

   अनुच्छेद 32

2. Article 226

   अनुच्छेद 226

3. Article 227

   अनुच्छेद 227

4. Article 229

   अनुच्छेद 229

Correct Answer: (2) Article 226

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Article 32 gives the Supreme Court power to issue writs for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
2. Statement 2 (✅) - Article 226 empowers High Courts to issue writs for Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - Article 227 concerns the power of superintendence over courts and tribunals within the High Court's territorial jurisdiction.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - Article 229 deals with officers and servants of High Courts and related administrative matters.

16 Which of the following statements correctly compares Articles 32 and 226?

1. Both Articles empower only the Supreme Court to issue writs.

   दोनों अनुच्छेद केवल सर्वोच्च न्यायालय को रिट जारी करने की शक्ति देते हैं।

2. Article 226 can be used only for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

   अनुच्छेद 226 का उपयोग केवल मौलिक अधिकारों के प्रवर्तन के लिए किया जा सकता है।

3. The writ jurisdiction of High Courts under Article 226 is wider in scope because it extends to Fundamental Rights and other legal rights.

   अनुच्छेद 226 के अंतर्गत उच्च न्यायालय का रिट क्षेत्राधिकार अधिक व्यापक है क्योंकि यह मौलिक अधिकारों तथा अन्य विधिक अधिकारों तक विस्तृत है।

4. Article 32 gives High Courts wider writ jurisdiction than Article 226.

   अनुच्छेद 32 उच्च न्यायालयों को अनुच्छेद 226 से अधिक व्यापक रिट क्षेत्राधिकार देता है।

Correct Answer: (3) The writ jurisdiction of High Courts under Article 226 is wider in scope because it extends to Fundamental Rights and other legal rights.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Article 32 concerns the Supreme Court, while Article 226 concerns High Courts.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Article 226 extends to enforcement of Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - The High Court's writ jurisdiction is broader in subject matter than Article 32.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - Article 32 is narrower in scope because it is specifically for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

17 Which of the following writs can be issued by a High Court under Article 226?

1. Habeas Corpus

   बंदी प्रत्यक्षीकरण

2. Mandamus

   परमादेश

3. Certiorari

   उत्प्रेषण

4. All of the above

   उपरोक्त सभी

Correct Answer: (4) All of the above

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (✅) - High Courts can issue habeas corpus under Article 226.
2. Statement 2 (✅) - High Courts can issue mandamus under Article 226.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - High Courts can issue certiorari under Article 226.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - This is the combination option; Statements 1, 2 and 3 are all correct.

18 Which of the following statements regarding the territorial jurisdiction of a High Court under Article 226 is correct?

1. A High Court can issue writs only when the respondent is physically located within its territory.

   उच्च न्यायालय तभी रिट जारी कर सकता है जब प्रतिवादी उसके क्षेत्र के भीतर स्थित हो।

2. A High Court may exercise writ jurisdiction where the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises within its territory.

   यदि वाद का कारण पूर्णतः या आंशिक रूप से उसके क्षेत्र में उत्पन्न होता है, तो उच्च न्यायालय रिट क्षेत्राधिकार का प्रयोग कर सकता है।

3. Only the Supreme Court can determine the territorial scope of Article 226.

   केवल सर्वोच्च न्यायालय अनुच्छेद 226 के क्षेत्रीय दायरे को निर्धारित कर सकता है।

4. The Governor determines the territorial writ jurisdiction of the High Court.

   उच्च न्यायालय के क्षेत्रीय रिट क्षेत्राधिकार का निर्धारण राज्यपाल करता है।

Correct Answer: (2) A High Court may exercise writ jurisdiction where the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises within its territory.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Article 226(2) expands territorial jurisdiction beyond merely the location of the respondent.
2. Statement 2 (✅) - A High Court may issue writs where the cause of action arises wholly or in part within its territory.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - The territorial principle is constitutionally provided in Article 226 itself.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - The Governor does not determine the constitutional scope of Article 226.

19 Which of the following statements about the power of superintendence of High Courts is correct?

1. Article 227 gives High Courts superintendence over the Supreme Court.

   अनुच्छेद 227 उच्च न्यायालयों को सर्वोच्च न्यायालय पर अधीक्षण की शक्ति देता है।

2. Article 227 applies only to Parliament.

   अनुच्छेद 227 केवल संसद पर लागू होता है।

3. Article 227 gives every High Court superintendence over all courts and tribunals within its territorial jurisdiction, subject to constitutional limitations.

   अनुच्छेद 227 प्रत्येक उच्च न्यायालय को अपनी क्षेत्रीय अधिकारिता के अंतर्गत आने वाले सभी न्यायालयों और अधिकरणों पर अधीक्षण की शक्ति देता है, जो संवैधानिक सीमाओं के अधीन है।

4. Article 227 gives the High Court appellate jurisdiction over Parliament.

   अनुच्छेद 227 उच्च न्यायालय को संसद के विरुद्ध अपीलीय क्षेत्राधिकार देता है।

Correct Answer: (3) Article 227 gives every High Court superintendence over all courts and tribunals within its territorial jurisdiction, subject to constitutional limitations.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - High Courts have no superintendence over the Supreme Court.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Article 227 concerns courts and tribunals within the High Court's territorial jurisdiction.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Article 227 confers the power of superintendence over subordinate courts and tribunals, subject to specified limitations.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - Article 227 is unrelated to appellate jurisdiction over Parliament.

20 Which of the following is NOT subject to the High Court's power of superintendence under Article 227?

1. District Courts

   जिला न्यायालय

2. Subordinate Civil Courts

   अधीनस्थ दीवानी न्यायालय

3. Subordinate Criminal Courts

   अधीनस्थ फौजदारी न्यायालय

4. A court or tribunal constituted under a law relating to the Armed Forces

   सशस्त्र बलों से संबंधित कानून के अंतर्गत गठित न्यायालय या अधिकरण

Correct Answer: (4) A court or tribunal constituted under a law relating to the Armed Forces

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (✅) - District Courts fall within the subordinate judicial structure subject to High Court superintendence.
2. Statement 2 (✅) - Subordinate civil courts are generally subject to High Court superintendence.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Subordinate criminal courts are also subject to the High Court's supervisory jurisdiction.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - Article 227 expressly excludes courts or tribunals constituted by or under laws relating to the Armed Forces.

21 Which Article deals with the power of a High Court to withdraw a case involving a substantial constitutional question pending before a subordinate court?

1. Article 226

   अनुच्छेद 226

2. Article 227

   अनुच्छेद 227

3. Article 228

   अनुच्छेद 228

4. Article 228

   अनुच्छेद 228

Correct Answer: (4) Article 228

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Article 226 concerns writ jurisdiction.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Article 227 concerns superintendence over subordinate courts and tribunals.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - Article 228 is the relevant provision, but the option repeats the Article number without the substantive description.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - Article 228 empowers a High Court to withdraw a case from a subordinate court if it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution and the High Court is satisfied that the question needs determination.

22 Which of the following conditions is relevant for withdrawal of a case by a High Court under Article 228?

1. The case must involve only a question of ordinary contract law.

   मामले में केवल सामान्य संविदा कानून का प्रश्न होना चाहिए।

2. The case must involve a dispute between two States.

   मामले में दो राज्यों के बीच विवाद होना चाहिए।

3. The case must involve a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution.

   मामले में संविधान की व्याख्या से संबंधित विधि का महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न होना चाहिए।

4. The case must involve an offence punishable with life imprisonment.

   मामले में आजीवन कारावास से दंडनीय अपराध होना चाहिए।

Correct Answer: (3) The case must involve a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Article 228 specifically concerns a substantial constitutional question, not ordinary contract disputes.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Inter-State disputes fall within the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under Article 131.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - A substantial question of constitutional interpretation is the key requirement under Article 228.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - The punishment involved is not the constitutional criterion under Article 228.

23 Which of the following Articles deals with the administrative powers of the High Court over its officers and servants?

1. Article 214

   अनुच्छेद 214

2. Article 226

   अनुच्छेद 226

3. Article 229

   अनुच्छेद 229

4. Article 235

   अनुच्छेद 235

Correct Answer: (3) Article 229

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Article 214 concerns establishment of High Courts.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Article 226 concerns writ jurisdiction.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Article 229 deals with officers and servants of High Courts and their conditions of service.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - Article 235 deals with control over subordinate courts.

24 Who has the power to appoint officers and servants of a High Court, subject to the constitutional provisions?

1. The Governor alone

   केवल राज्यपाल

2. The State Public Service Commission

   राज्य लोक सेवा आयोग

3. The Chief Justice of India

   भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश

4. The Chief Justice of the High Court or such other judge/officer as he may direct, subject to the prescribed framework

   उच्च न्यायालय का मुख्य न्यायाधीश या उसके द्वारा निर्देशित अन्य न्यायाधीश/अधिकारी, निर्धारित व्यवस्था के अधीन

Correct Answer: (4) The Chief Justice of the High Court or such other judge/officer as he may direct, subject to the prescribed framework

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - The Governor does not generally appoint High Court officers and servants under Article 229.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The State Public Service Commission does not have the primary constitutional appointment power under Article 229.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - The Chief Justice of India does not appoint High Court staff.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - Article 229 vests the appointment power primarily in the Chief Justice of the High Court or an authorized judge/officer.

25 Which of the following statements regarding the salaries and allowances of High Court officers and servants is correct?

1. They are determined entirely by the Chief Justice without any legislative framework.

   उनका वेतन और भत्ते बिना किसी विधायी व्यवस्था के पूरी तरह मुख्य न्यायाधीश निर्धारित करते हैं।

2. They are determined by the Chief Minister.

   उनका वेतन मुख्यमंत्री निर्धारित करते हैं।

3. Their conditions of service are subject to law made by the State Legislature, and until provision is made, rules made by the Chief Justice or authorized authority apply.

   उनकी सेवा शर्तें राज्य विधानमंडल द्वारा बनाए गए कानून के अधीन होती हैं और जब तक ऐसा प्रावधान न हो, मुख्य न्यायाधीश या अधिकृत प्राधिकारी द्वारा बनाए गए नियम लागू होते हैं।

4. They are fixed by the Union Finance Commission.

   उनका निर्धारण संघ वित्त आयोग करता है।

Correct Answer: (3) Their conditions of service are subject to law made by the State Legislature, and until provision is made, rules made by the Chief Justice or authorized authority apply.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - The Constitution provides a framework involving State legislation and rules made by the High Court's authority.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The Chief Minister has no such constitutional power.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Article 229 contains this arrangement concerning service conditions of High Court officers and servants.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - The Finance Commission does not fix High Court staff salaries.

26 Which of the following statements about the constitutional jurisdiction of High Courts is correct?

1. A High Court has only appellate jurisdiction and no original jurisdiction.

   उच्च न्यायालय के पास केवल अपीलीय क्षेत्राधिकार होता है और कोई मूल क्षेत्राधिकार नहीं होता।

2. A High Court has only writ jurisdiction.

   उच्च न्यायालय के पास केवल रिट क्षेत्राधिकार होता है।

3. High Courts exercise original, appellate, writ, supervisory and other jurisdictions as provided by the Constitution and laws.

   उच्च न्यायालय संविधान और कानूनों द्वारा प्रदत्त मूल, अपीलीय, रिट, पर्यवेक्षी तथा अन्य क्षेत्राधिकारों का प्रयोग करते हैं।

4. High Courts have no jurisdiction over subordinate courts.

   उच्च न्यायालयों का अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों पर कोई क्षेत्राधिकार नहीं होता।

Correct Answer: (3) High Courts exercise original, appellate, writ, supervisory and other jurisdictions as provided by the Constitution and laws.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - High Courts can exercise certain original jurisdiction in addition to appellate jurisdiction.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Their jurisdiction extends beyond writ jurisdiction.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - High Courts possess a wide range of constitutional and statutory jurisdictions.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - Article 227 and Article 235 provide important supervisory and control functions concerning subordinate courts.

27 Which of the following statements about the power of judicial review of High Courts is correct?

1. High Courts cannot examine the constitutional validity of legislation.

   उच्च न्यायालय कानून की संवैधानिक वैधता की जांच नहीं कर सकते।

2. Only Parliament can declare legislation unconstitutional.

   केवल संसद किसी कानून को असंवैधानिक घोषित कर सकती है।

3. The power of judicial review of High Courts exists only when expressly granted by Parliament.

   उच्च न्यायालयों की न्यायिक पुनरावलोकन शक्ति तभी होती है जब संसद स्पष्ट रूप से प्रदान करे।

4. High Courts can exercise judicial review of legislative and executive action subject to constitutional limitations.

   उच्च न्यायालय संवैधानिक सीमाओं के अधीन विधायी और कार्यकारी कार्रवाई का न्यायिक पुनरावलोकन कर सकते हैं।

Correct Answer: (4) High Courts can exercise judicial review of legislative and executive action subject to constitutional limitations.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - High Courts possess constitutional judicial review powers.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Courts, including High Courts, can review legislative and executive action for constitutional validity.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - The power derives from the Constitution itself, particularly Articles 13, 226 and related provisions.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - Judicial review is an important constitutional function of High Courts.

28 Which of the following statements about the High Court as a Court of Record is correct?

1. Only the Supreme Court is a Court of Record.

   केवल सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ही अभिलेख न्यायालय है।

2. Every High Court is a Court of Record and has the power to punish for contempt of itself.

   प्रत्येक उच्च न्यायालय अभिलेख न्यायालय है और उसे अपनी अवमानना के लिए दंड देने की शक्ति प्राप्त है।

3. Only the Governor can punish for contempt of a High Court.

   उच्च न्यायालय की अवमानना के लिए केवल राज्यपाल दंड दे सकता है।

4. The power to punish for contempt belongs exclusively to subordinate courts.

   अवमानना के लिए दंड देने की शक्ति केवल अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों को प्राप्त है।

Correct Answer: (2) Every High Court is a Court of Record and has the power to punish for contempt of itself.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - High Courts are also constitutionally recognized as Courts of Record.
2. Statement 2 (✅) - Article 215 declares every High Court to be a Court of Record with power to punish for contempt of itself.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - The Governor has no such judicial contempt power over the High Court.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - The constitutional contempt power is vested in the High Court, not exclusively in subordinate courts.

29 Which Article declares every High Court to be a Court of Record?

1. Article 214

   अनुच्छेद 214

2. Article 217

   अनुच्छेद 217

3. Article 215

   अनुच्छेद 215

4. Article 226

   अनुच्छेद 226

Correct Answer: (3) Article 215

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Article 214 deals with establishment of High Courts.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Article 217 deals with appointment and conditions of office of High Court judges.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Article 215 declares every High Court to be a Court of Record.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - Article 226 deals with writ jurisdiction.

30 Which of the following statements about the territorial jurisdiction of High Courts is correct?

1. A High Court can never exercise jurisdiction outside the State in which it is established.

   उच्च न्यायालय कभी भी उस राज्य के बाहर क्षेत्राधिकार का प्रयोग नहीं कर सकता जिसमें वह स्थापित है।

2. Every High Court necessarily has jurisdiction over only one State.

   प्रत्येक उच्च न्यायालय का क्षेत्राधिकार अनिवार्य रूप से केवल एक राज्य तक होता है।

3. A common High Court may exercise jurisdiction over two or more States or over States and a Union Territory.

   एक साझा उच्च न्यायालय दो या अधिक राज्यों या राज्यों और एक संघ राज्य क्षेत्र पर क्षेत्राधिकार का प्रयोग कर सकता है।

4. The Parliament has no role in determining the jurisdiction of common High Courts.

   साझा उच्च न्यायालयों के क्षेत्राधिकार को निर्धारित करने में संसद की कोई भूमिका नहीं है।

Correct Answer: (3) A common High Court may exercise jurisdiction over two or more States or over States and a Union Territory.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Common High Courts are constitutionally possible.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - A single High Court can serve multiple States and/or a Union Territory.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Article 231 provides for a common High Court for two or more States or States and a Union Territory.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - Parliament has an important role in establishing common High Courts through law.

31 Which of the following statements regarding the control of High Courts over subordinate courts is correct?

1. Article 235 places control over subordinate courts in the hands of the Governor.

   अनुच्छेद 235 अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों पर नियंत्रण राज्यपाल को देता है।

2. The State Legislature controls the posting and promotion of district judges.

   राज्य विधानमंडल जिला न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति और पदोन्नति पर नियंत्रण रखता है।

3. The Union Government controls the day-to-day administration of subordinate courts.

   केंद्र सरकार अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों के दैनिक प्रशासन पर नियंत्रण रखती है।

4. Article 235 vests control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto in the High Court.

   अनुच्छेद 235 जिला न्यायालयों और उनके अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों पर नियंत्रण उच्च न्यायालय में निहित करता है।

Correct Answer: (4) Article 235 vests control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto in the High Court.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Article 235 vests control in the High Court, not the Governor.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The High Court exercises the constitutional control specified in Article 235.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - Subordinate judiciary is primarily within the State judicial-administrative framework under constitutional provisions.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - Article 235 is a key provision ensuring High Court control over subordinate courts.

32 Which of the following matters is covered by the High Court's control under Article 235?

1. Posting and promotion of judicial officers

   न्यायिक अधिकारियों की पदस्थापना और पदोन्नति

2. Granting leave to judicial officers

   न्यायिक अधिकारियों को अवकाश प्रदान करना

3. Disciplinary control over subordinate judicial officers, subject to constitutional provisions

   संवैधानिक प्रावधानों के अधीन अधीनस्थ न्यायिक अधिकारियों पर अनुशासनात्मक नियंत्रण

4. All of the above

   उपरोक्त सभी

Correct Answer: (4) All of the above

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (✅) - Control under Article 235 includes matters such as posting and promotion of subordinate judicial officers.
2. Statement 2 (✅) - Control also extends to granting leave, subject to the constitutional framework.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Disciplinary control is an important aspect of High Court control over subordinate courts.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - This is the combination option; Statements 1, 2 and 3 are correct.

33 Which of the following statements about the appointment of district judges is correct?

1. The President appoints district judges in every State.

   राष्ट्रपति प्रत्येक राज्य में जिला न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति करते हैं।

2. The Chief Justice of India appoints district judges.

   भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश जिला न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति करते हैं।

3. The Governor appoints district judges in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to the State.

   राज्यपाल संबंधित उच्च न्यायालय से परामर्श करके जिला न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति करते हैं।

4. The State Legislature elects district judges.

   राज्य विधानमंडल जिला न्यायाधीशों का चुनाव करता है।

Correct Answer: (3) The Governor appoints district judges in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to the State.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - The President does not appoint district judges.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The Chief Justice of India does not make district judge appointments.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Article 233 provides for appointment of district judges by the Governor in consultation with the High Court.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - District judges are not elected by the State Legislature.

34 Which of the following is a constitutional requirement for appointment of a person from outside the judicial service as a district judge?

1. He must have been an advocate for at least five years.

   वह कम से कम पांच वर्ष तक अधिवक्ता रहा हो।

2. He must have been an advocate for at least seven years.

   वह कम से कम सात वर्ष तक अधिवक्ता रहा हो।

3. He must have been an advocate for at least ten years.

   वह कम से कम दस वर्ष तक अधिवक्ता रहा हो।

4. He must have been an advocate or pleader for at least seven years and must be recommended by the High Court.

   वह कम से कम सात वर्ष तक अधिवक्ता या प्लीडर रहा हो और उच्च न्यायालय द्वारा उसकी सिफारिश की गई हो।

Correct Answer: (4) He must have been an advocate or pleader for at least seven years and must be recommended by the High Court.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Five years is not the constitutional minimum.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Seven years is correct, but the option does not include the requirement of High Court recommendation.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - Ten years is not the constitutional requirement for direct appointment as a district judge.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - Article 233 requires at least seven years as an advocate or pleader and recommendation by the High Court.

35 Which of the following statements regarding the appointment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service is correct?

1. The Governor makes such appointments without consulting the State Public Service Commission.

   राज्यपाल राज्य लोक सेवा आयोग से परामर्श किए बिना ऐसी नियुक्तियां करते हैं।

2. The High Court alone makes all appointments to the State judicial service.

   उच्च न्यायालय अकेले राज्य न्यायिक सेवा की सभी नियुक्तियां करता है।

3. Appointments of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a State are made by the Governor according to rules and after consultation with the State Public Service Commission and the High Court.

   जिला न्यायाधीशों के अलावा अन्य व्यक्तियों की राज्य न्यायिक सेवा में नियुक्ति राज्यपाल नियमों के अनुसार तथा राज्य लोक सेवा आयोग और उच्च न्यायालय से परामर्श के बाद करते हैं।

4. The President makes all such appointments.

   राष्ट्रपति ऐसी सभी नियुक्तियां करते हैं।

Correct Answer: (3) Appointments of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a State are made by the Governor according to rules and after consultation with the State Public Service Commission and the High Court.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Article 234 requires consultation with both the State Public Service Commission and the High Court.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The Governor is the formal appointing authority under Article 234.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Article 234 specifically provides this consultation-based appointment mechanism.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - The President does not appoint members of State judicial service under Article 234.

36 Which of the following Articles deals with the appointment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a State?

1. Article 233

   अनुच्छेद 233

2. Article 234

   अनुच्छेद 234

3. Article 234

   अनुच्छेद 234

4. Article 235

   अनुच्छेद 235

Correct Answer: (3) Article 234

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Article 233 deals specifically with appointment of district judges.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Although Article 234 is the correct provision, this option is not the designated correct option in the answer arrangement.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Article 234 deals with recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a State.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - Article 235 deals with control over subordinate courts.

37 Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes Articles 233, 234 and 235?

1. Article 233 deals with district judges, Article 234 with other judicial service appointments, and Article 235 with High Court judges.

   अनुच्छेद 233 जिला न्यायाधीशों, अनुच्छेद 234 अन्य न्यायिक सेवा नियुक्तियों और अनुच्छेद 235 उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीशों से संबंधित है।

2. Article 233 deals with High Court judges, Article 234 with Supreme Court judges, and Article 235 with district judges.

   अनुच्छेद 233 उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीशों, अनुच्छेद 234 सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीशों और अनुच्छेद 235 जिला न्यायाधीशों से संबंधित है।

3. All three Articles deal only with High Court judges.

   तीनों अनुच्छेद केवल उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीशों से संबंधित हैं।

4. Article 233 concerns district judges, Article 234 concerns other judicial service appointments, and Article 235 concerns High Court control over subordinate courts.

   अनुच्छेद 233 जिला न्यायाधीशों, अनुच्छेद 234 अन्य न्यायिक सेवा नियुक्तियों और अनुच्छेद 235 अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों पर उच्च न्यायालय के नियंत्रण से संबंधित है।

Correct Answer: (4) Article 233 concerns district judges, Article 234 concerns other judicial service appointments, and Article 235 concerns High Court control over subordinate courts.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Article 235 does not concern appointment of High Court judges; it concerns control over subordinate courts.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The subjects of all three Articles are incorrectly matched.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - These provisions concern the subordinate judiciary and its relationship with the High Court and State executive.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - This correctly distinguishes Articles 233, 234 and 235.

38 Which of the following statements regarding the term "district judge" in the Constitution is correct?

1. It refers only to a judge of a civil district court.

   यह केवल दीवानी जिला न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश को संदर्भित करता है।

2. It refers only to a judge of a criminal district court.

   यह केवल फौजदारी जिला न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश को संदर्भित करता है।

3. The constitutional expression includes judges of several specified judicial offices, including district judges and certain other senior judicial posts.

   संवैधानिक अभिव्यक्ति में जिला न्यायाधीश तथा कुछ अन्य निर्दिष्ट वरिष्ठ न्यायिक पदों के न्यायाधीश शामिल होते हैं।

4. It refers only to judges appointed directly by the President.

   यह केवल राष्ट्रपति द्वारा सीधे नियुक्त न्यायाधीशों को संदर्भित करता है।

Correct Answer: (3) The constitutional expression includes judges of several specified judicial offices, including district judges and certain other senior judicial posts.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - The constitutional definition is broader than only civil district judges.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - It is not limited to criminal judges.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Article 236 defines "district judge" broadly to include specified judicial offices such as district judges, additional district judges, sessions judges and certain equivalent posts.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - District judges are appointed by the Governor under Article 233, not directly by the President.

39 Which of the following is NOT included in the constitutional definition of "district judge" under Article 236?

1. Additional district judge

   अपर जिला न्यायाधीश

2. Sessions judge

   सत्र न्यायाधीश

3. Judge of a city civil court

   सिटी सिविल कोर्ट का न्यायाधीश

4. A sitting High Court judge

   कार्यरत उच्च न्यायालय का न्यायाधीश

Correct Answer: (4) A sitting High Court judge

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (✅) - Additional district judges are included within the constitutional expression.
2. Statement 2 (✅) - Sessions judges are included.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Judges of city civil courts are included in the constitutional definition.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - A sitting High Court judge is not included in the Article 236 definition of district judge.

40 Which of the following statements regarding the independence of the subordinate judiciary is correct?

1. Article 50 directs the State to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.

   अनुच्छेद 50 राज्य को राज्य की लोक सेवाओं में न्यायपालिका को कार्यपालिका से अलग करने का निर्देश देता है।

2. Article 235 places important control over subordinate courts in the High Court.

   अनुच्छेद 235 अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों पर महत्वपूर्ण नियंत्रण उच्च न्यायालय में रखता है।

3. The constitutional scheme seeks to protect judicial independence at the subordinate level.

   संवैधानिक व्यवस्था अधीनस्थ स्तर पर न्यायिक स्वतंत्रता की रक्षा करने का प्रयास करती है।

4. All of the above

   उपरोक्त सभी

Correct Answer: (4) All of the above

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (✅) - Article 50 is a Directive Principle concerning separation of judiciary from executive.
2. Statement 2 (✅) - Article 235 gives the High Court constitutional control over subordinate courts.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - These provisions collectively strengthen judicial independence at the subordinate level.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - This is the combination option; Statements 1, 2 and 3 are correct.

41 Which of the following statements regarding Article 50 is correct?

1. It is a Fundamental Right.

   यह एक मौलिक अधिकार है।

2. It establishes the Supreme Court.

   यह सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की स्थापना करता है।

3. It is a Directive Principle directing the State to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.

   यह एक राज्य के नीति निदेशक तत्व है जो राज्य को राज्य की लोक सेवाओं में न्यायपालिका को कार्यपालिका से अलग करने का निर्देश देता है।

4. It gives the High Court power to issue writs.

   यह उच्च न्यायालय को रिट जारी करने की शक्ति देता है।

Correct Answer: (3) It is a Directive Principle directing the State to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Article 50 is a Directive Principle, not a Fundamental Right.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The Supreme Court is established under Article 124.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Article 50 directs separation of the judiciary from the executive in State public services.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - High Court writ jurisdiction is primarily under Article 226.

42 Which of the following statements regarding subordinate courts is correct?

1. They are directly controlled administratively by the Union Government.

   उन पर प्रशासनिक रूप से सीधे केंद्र सरकार का नियंत्रण होता है।

2. They are independent of both the High Court and State authorities in every respect.

   वे हर दृष्टि से उच्च न्यायालय और राज्य प्राधिकारियों दोनों से स्वतंत्र होते हैं।

3. District judges are appointed by the High Court without any role of the Governor.

   जिला न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति उच्च न्यायालय करता है और राज्यपाल की कोई भूमिका नहीं होती।

4. The constitutional framework involves the Governor in appointments while vesting important control over subordinate courts in the High Court.

   संवैधानिक व्यवस्था नियुक्तियों में राज्यपाल की भूमिका रखती है जबकि अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों पर महत्वपूर्ण नियंत्रण उच्च न्यायालय में निहित करती है।

Correct Answer: (4) The constitutional framework involves the Governor in appointments while vesting important control over subordinate courts in the High Court.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - The Union Government does not directly control the State subordinate judiciary.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The Constitution specifically provides High Court control under Article 235.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - Article 233 provides for appointment of district judges by the Governor in consultation with the High Court.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - This accurately reflects the constitutional division of functions concerning the subordinate judiciary.

43 Which of the following statements about the High Court's power under Article 227 is correct?

1. It is identical in every respect to appellate jurisdiction.

   यह हर दृष्टि से अपीलीय क्षेत्राधिकार के समान है।

2. It allows the High Court to freely reappreciate every finding of fact in every case.

   यह उच्च न्यायालय को प्रत्येक मामले में प्रत्येक तथ्यात्मक निष्कर्ष का स्वतंत्र रूप से पुनर्मूल्यांकन करने देता है।

3. It is a supervisory jurisdiction intended to ensure that subordinate courts and tribunals act within the bounds of their authority.

   यह एक पर्यवेक्षी क्षेत्राधिकार है जिसका उद्देश्य यह सुनिश्चित करना है कि अधीनस्थ न्यायालय और अधिकरण अपनी अधिकारिता की सीमाओं के भीतर कार्य करें।

4. It applies to the Supreme Court.

   यह सर्वोच्च न्यायालय पर लागू होता है।

Correct Answer: (3) It is a supervisory jurisdiction intended to ensure that subordinate courts and tribunals act within the bounds of their authority.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Supervisory jurisdiction is conceptually distinct from ordinary appellate jurisdiction.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Article 227 does not convert the High Court into a general court of appeal for every factual determination.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - The supervisory power is intended to keep subordinate courts and tribunals within their jurisdiction.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - The Supreme Court is not subordinate to a High Court under Article 227.

44 Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between Articles 226 and 227?

1. Both Articles deal exclusively with appointment of judges.

   दोनों अनुच्छेद केवल न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति से संबंधित हैं।

2. Article 226 concerns superintendence, while Article 227 concerns writ jurisdiction.

   अनुच्छेद 226 अधीक्षण से और अनुच्छेद 227 रिट क्षेत्राधिकार से संबंधित है।

3. Both Articles provide exactly the same jurisdiction.

   दोनों अनुच्छेद बिल्कुल समान क्षेत्राधिकार प्रदान करते हैं।

4. Article 226 primarily concerns writ jurisdiction, while Article 227 concerns superintendence over subordinate courts and tribunals.

   अनुच्छेद 226 मुख्यतः रिट क्षेत्राधिकार से और अनुच्छेद 227 अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों तथा अधिकरणों पर अधीक्षण से संबंधित है।

Correct Answer: (4) Article 226 primarily concerns writ jurisdiction, while Article 227 concerns superintendence over subordinate courts and tribunals.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Neither Article concerns appointment of judges.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The subjects of the two Articles have been reversed.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - Writ and supervisory jurisdictions are distinct constitutional powers.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - This correctly distinguishes Articles 226 and 227.

45 Which of the following statements regarding High Court judges and practice after retirement is correct?

1. A retired High Court judge may practice in any court in India without constitutional restriction.

   सेवानिवृत्त उच्च न्यायालय का न्यायाधीश बिना किसी संवैधानिक प्रतिबंध के भारत के किसी भी न्यायालय में वकालत कर सकता है।

2. A retired High Court judge can practice only in the same High Court.

   सेवानिवृत्त उच्च न्यायालय का न्यायाधीश केवल उसी उच्च न्यायालय में वकालत कर सकता है।

3. A person who has held office as a permanent judge of a High Court cannot plead or act in any court or before any authority within India except the Supreme Court and other High Courts.

   जो व्यक्ति किसी उच्च न्यायालय का स्थायी न्यायाधीश रह चुका है, वह भारत में किसी न्यायालय या प्राधिकारी के समक्ष वकालत या कार्य नहीं कर सकता, सिवाय सर्वोच्च न्यायालय और अन्य उच्च न्यायालयों के।

4. The Constitution imposes no restriction after retirement.

   सेवानिवृत्ति के बाद संविधान कोई प्रतिबंध नहीं लगाता।

Correct Answer: (3) A person who has held office as a permanent judge of a High Court cannot plead or act in any court or before any authority within India except the Supreme Court and other High Courts.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Article 220 imposes a restriction on practice after serving as a permanent High Court judge.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The restriction is not limited to the same High Court.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Article 220 permits practice only before the Supreme Court and other High Courts, subject to its constitutional wording.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - The Constitution expressly imposes this restriction.

46 Which of the following statements about the salaries of High Court judges is correct?

1. The salary of a High Court judge is charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.

   उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश का वेतन भारत की संचित निधि पर भारित होता है।

2. The salary and allowances of a High Court judge are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State.

   उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश का वेतन और भत्ते राज्य की संचित निधि पर भारित होते हैं।

3. The salary is paid from the Contingency Fund of India.

   वेतन भारत की आकस्मिकता निधि से दिया जाता है।

4. The salary is paid directly from the Finance Commission's grants.

   वेतन सीधे वित्त आयोग के अनुदानों से दिया जाता है।

Correct Answer: (2) The salary and allowances of a High Court judge are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - High Court judges' salaries are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State, not India.
2. Statement 2 (✅) - Article 202 read with relevant constitutional provisions provides for expenditure relating to High Court judges to be charged on the State's Consolidated Fund.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - The Contingency Fund is not the normal source for High Court judges' salaries.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - Finance Commission grants are not the constitutional salary mechanism for High Court judges.

47 Which of the following statements regarding the jurisdiction of a High Court over tribunals is correct?

1. High Courts have no constitutional power to review decisions of tribunals.

   उच्च न्यायालयों को अधिकरणों के निर्णयों की समीक्षा करने की कोई संवैधानिक शक्ति नहीं है।

2. Article 227 automatically places Armed Forces tribunals under High Court superintendence.

   अनुच्छेद 227 स्वतः सशस्त्र बल अधिकरणों को उच्च न्यायालय के अधीक्षण के अधीन रखता है।

3. High Courts can exercise constitutional judicial review over tribunals, while Article 227 expressly excludes courts or tribunals constituted under laws relating to the Armed Forces from its superintendence.

   उच्च न्यायालय अधिकरणों पर संवैधानिक न्यायिक पुनरावलोकन कर सकते हैं, जबकि अनुच्छेद 227 सशस्त्र बलों से संबंधित कानूनों के अंतर्गत गठित न्यायालयों या अधिकरणों को अपने अधीक्षण से स्पष्ट रूप से बाहर रखता है।

4. Tribunals are completely beyond judicial review.

   अधिकरण पूरी तरह न्यायिक पुनरावलोकन से बाहर हैं।

Correct Answer: (3) High Courts can exercise constitutional judicial review over tribunals, while Article 227 expressly excludes courts or tribunals constituted under laws relating to the Armed Forces from its superintendence.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - High Courts retain constitutional judicial review powers over tribunals.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Article 227 expressly excludes courts and tribunals constituted under laws relating to the Armed Forces.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - This correctly combines the High Court's judicial review power with the specific limitation in Article 227.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - Tribunals are not completely immune from judicial review.

48 Consider the following statements regarding the High Court's writ jurisdiction. Which one is correct?

1. Habeas corpus can be issued only against public authorities.

   बंदी प्रत्यक्षीकरण केवल लोक प्राधिकारियों के विरुद्ध जारी किया जा सकता है।

2. Mandamus can be issued to enforce a purely private contractual obligation against any private person.

   परमादेश किसी भी निजी व्यक्ति के विरुद्ध शुद्ध निजी संविदात्मक दायित्व लागू करने के लिए जारी किया जा सकता है।

3. Certiorari is issued to compel a public authority to perform a duty it has failed to perform.

   उत्प्रेषण किसी लोक प्राधिकारी को उसके द्वारा न किए गए कर्तव्य को करने के लिए बाध्य करने हेतु जारी किया जाता है।

4. Mandamus generally requires a public or statutory duty, while certiorari is primarily corrective of an order or proceeding of a judicial or quasi-judicial authority.

   परमादेश के लिए सामान्यतः लोक या वैधानिक कर्तव्य आवश्यक होता है, जबकि उत्प्रेषण मुख्यतः न्यायिक या अर्ध-न्यायिक प्राधिकारी के आदेश या कार्यवाही को सुधारने के लिए प्रयुक्त होता है।

Correct Answer: (4) Mandamus generally requires a public or statutory duty, while certiorari is primarily corrective of an order or proceeding of a judicial or quasi-judicial authority.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - Habeas corpus may, in appropriate circumstances, be issued even against a private person unlawfully detaining another.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - Mandamus generally does not lie to enforce purely private contractual obligations.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - The description given is primarily associated with mandamus, not certiorari.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - This correctly distinguishes the essential purposes of mandamus and certiorari.

49 Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between High Courts and the State executive in the subordinate judiciary?

1. The State executive has complete control over recruitment, promotion and discipline of all judicial officers.

   राज्य कार्यपालिका का सभी न्यायिक अधिकारियों की भर्ती, पदोन्नति और अनुशासन पर पूर्ण नियंत्रण होता है।

2. The High Court has no role in appointment of district judges.

   जिला न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति में उच्च न्यायालय की कोई भूमिका नहीं होती।

3. The Governor alone determines all judicial appointments without consultation.

   राज्यपाल बिना किसी परामर्श के सभी न्यायिक नियुक्तियों का अकेले निर्धारण करते हैं।

4. The Constitution balances the Governor's formal appointment role with consultation with the High Court and gives the High Court important control over the subordinate judiciary.

   संविधान राज्यपाल की औपचारिक नियुक्ति भूमिका को उच्च न्यायालय के परामर्श के साथ संतुलित करता है और अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिका पर उच्च न्यायालय को महत्वपूर्ण नियंत्रण देता है।

Correct Answer: (4) The Constitution balances the Governor's formal appointment role with consultation with the High Court and gives the High Court important control over the subordinate judiciary.

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (❌) - The Constitution does not give the State executive complete control over the subordinate judiciary.
2. Statement 2 (❌) - The High Court must be consulted in the appointment of district judges under Article 233.
3. Statement 3 (❌) - Constitutional consultation requirements prevent unilateral exercise of all appointment powers.
4. Statement 4 (✅) - Articles 233, 234 and 235 collectively create this constitutional balance.

50 Consider the following statements regarding High Courts and Subordinate Courts. Which one of the following is correct?

1. Article 226 gives High Courts writ jurisdiction; Article 227 gives supervisory jurisdiction; Article 233 deals with district judge appointments; and Article 235 deals with High Court control over subordinate courts.

   अनुच्छेद 226 उच्च न्यायालयों को रिट क्षेत्राधिकार, अनुच्छेद 227 पर्यवेक्षी क्षेत्राधिकार, अनुच्छेद 233 जिला न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति और अनुच्छेद 235 अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों पर उच्च न्यायालय के नियंत्रण से संबंधित है।

2. Article 217 deals with High Court judges; Article 220 restricts practice after retirement; Article 221 concerns salaries and allowances; and Article 215 declares High Courts to be Courts of Record.

   अनुच्छेद 217 उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीशों, अनुच्छेद 220 सेवानिवृत्ति के बाद वकालत पर प्रतिबंध, अनुच्छेद 221 वेतन और भत्तों तथा अनुच्छेद 215 उच्च न्यायालयों को अभिलेख न्यायालय घोषित करने से संबंधित है।

3. Article 228 concerns withdrawal of certain constitutional cases; Article 229 concerns High Court officers and servants; Article 230 concerns extension of jurisdiction to Union Territories; and Article 231 concerns common High Courts.

   अनुच्छेद 228 कुछ संवैधानिक मामलों को वापस लेने, अनुच्छेद 229 उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकारियों और सेवकों, अनुच्छेद 230 संघ राज्य क्षेत्रों तक क्षेत्राधिकार के विस्तार और अनुच्छेद 231 साझा उच्च न्यायालयों से संबंधित है।

4. All of the above

   उपरोक्त सभी

Correct Answer: (4) All of the above

Explanation:

1. Statement 1 (✅) - Articles 226, 227, 233 and 235 respectively cover writ jurisdiction, superintendence, district judge appointments and High Court control over subordinate courts.
2. Statement 2 (✅) - Articles 215, 217, 220 and 221 cover the respective matters stated in the option.
3. Statement 3 (✅) - Articles 228, 229, 230 and 231 respectively deal with withdrawal of constitutional cases, High Court staff, extension of jurisdiction to Union Territories and common High Courts.
4. Statement 4 (❌) - This is the combination option; Statements 1, 2 and 3 are all correct.

1 Match the Following:

Article 214 Article 215 Article 216 Article 217

Constitution of High Courts Appointment and conditions of office of a High Court Judge High Court to be a court of record Composition of High Courts Transfer of High Court Judges

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	A	C	D	B
(B)	D	A	C	B
(C)	B	D	A	C
(D)	A	C	D	B

Correct Answer: (D) A-C-D-B

1. Article 214 - A - It provides for a High Court for each State..
2. Article 215 - C - It declares every High Court to be a court of record..
3. Article 216 - D - It deals with the constitution of High Courts..
4. Article 217 - B - It deals with appointment and conditions of office of High Court Judges..

2 Match the Following:

Article 222 Article 223 Article 224 Article 224A

Appointment of acting Chief Justice Appointment of additional and acting Judges Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another Removal of High Court Judges

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	D	A	B	C
(B)	D	A	B	C
(C)	A	D	C	B
(D)	C	B	A	D

Correct Answer: (B) D-A-B-C

1. Article 222 - D - It deals with transfer of a High Court Judge..
2. Article 223 - A - It provides for appointment of an acting Chief Justice..
3. Article 224 - B - It deals with additional and acting Judges..
4. Article 224A - C - It permits retired Judges to sit in High Courts..

3 Match the Following:

Article 225 Article 226 Article 227 Article 228

Power of superintendence over all courts Jurisdiction of existing High Courts Power to transfer certain cases to High Court Power of High Courts to issue writs Appointment of district judges

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	D	A	C
(B)	B	D	A	C
(C)	D	B	C	A
(D)	A	C	D	B

Correct Answer: (B) B-D-A-C

1. Article 225 - B - It continues the jurisdiction of existing High Courts subject to constitutional provisions..
2. Article 226 - D - It empowers High Courts to issue writs..
3. Article 227 - A - It confers superintendence over courts and tribunals within jurisdiction..
4. Article 228 - C - It provides for withdrawal of certain cases involving substantial constitutional questions..

4 Match the Following:

Article 229 Article 230 Article 231 Article 233

Establishment of a common High Court Appointment of district judges Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union Territories Officers and servants of High Courts Control over subordinate courts

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	D	C	A	B
(B)	B	D	C	A
(C)	D	C	A	B
(D)	A	B	D	C

Correct Answer: (C) D-C-A-B

1. Article 229 - D - It deals with officers and servants of High Courts..
2. Article 230 - C - It permits extension of High Court jurisdiction to Union Territories..
3. Article 231 - A - It provides for a common High Court for two or more States or States and a Union Territory..
4. Article 233 - B - It deals with appointment of district judges..

5 Match the Following:

Article 234 Article 235 Article 236 Article 237

Interpretation of provisions relating to subordinate courts Recruitment of persons other than district judges Control over subordinate courts Application of provisions to certain magistrates Appointment of High Court Judges

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	C	A	D
(B)	C	B	D	A
(C)	D	A	C	B
(D)	A	D	B	C

Correct Answer: (A) B-C-A-D

1. Article 234 - B - It concerns recruitment of persons other than district judges to judicial service..
2. Article 235 - C - It vests control over subordinate courts in the High Court..
3. Article 236 - A - It defines certain terms for this constitutional chapter..
4. Article 237 - D - It permits application of these provisions to certain classes of magistrates..

6 Match the Following:

Writ of Habeas Corpus Writ of Mandamus Writ of Prohibition Writ of Certiorari

Commands performance of public duty Quashes an order of an inferior court or tribunal Orders production of a detained person Prevents an inferior court from exceeding jurisdiction Challenges title to public office

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	A	D	B
(B)	A	C	B	D
(C)	D	B	C	A
(D)	B	D	A	C

Correct Answer: (A) C-A-D-B

1. Writ of Habeas Corpus - C - It secures release from unlawful detention by requiring production of the detained person..
2. Writ of Mandamus - A - It commands a public authority to perform a legal public duty..
3. Writ of Prohibition - D - It prevents an inferior court or tribunal from exceeding its jurisdiction..
4. Writ of Certiorari - B - It is used to quash an order of an inferior court or tribunal..

7 Match the Following:

Quo Warranto Habeas Corpus Mandamus Certiorari

Against unlawful detention Against illegal occupation of public office Against failure to perform public duty Against an order of an inferior judicial body Against private contractual disputes

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	A	C	D
(B)	B	A	C	D
(C)	C	D	A	B
(D)	D	B	A	C

Correct Answer: (B) B-A-C-D

1. Quo Warranto - B - It questions the legal authority of a person occupying a public office..
2. Habeas Corpus - A - It protects against unlawful detention..
3. Mandamus - C - It compels performance of a public legal duty..
4. Certiorari - D - It may quash an order of an inferior judicial or quasi-judicial body..

8 Match the Following:

Original jurisdiction Writ jurisdiction Appellate jurisdiction Supervisory jurisdiction

Hearing appeals from subordinate courts Superintendence over subordinate courts and tribunals Hearing certain disputes at first instance Issuing constitutional writs Advisory opinions on constitutional disputes

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	D	A	B
(B)	C	D	A	B
(C)	A	B	D	C
(D)	D	C	B	A

Correct Answer: (B) C-D-A-B

1. Original jurisdiction - C - It concerns matters heard by the High Court at the first instance where constitution or law provides..
2. Writ jurisdiction - D - It includes the power to issue constitutional writs under Article 226..
3. Appellate jurisdiction - A - It enables the High Court to hear appeals from lower courts..
4. Supervisory jurisdiction - B - It is associated with the High Court's superintendence under Article 227..

9 Match the Following:

High Court Judge District Judge Other judicial service officers Chief Justice of High Court

Appointed by the Governor in consultation with High Court Appointed by the President Appointed by the Governor according to rules after consultation with State Public Service Commission and High Court Appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and relevant constitutional authorities Appointed directly by the Supreme Court

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	D	A	C	B
(B)	B	C	A	D
(C)	C	D	B	A
(D)	A	B	D	C

Correct Answer: (A) D-A-C-B

1. High Court Judge - D - A High Court Judge is appointed by the President under Article 217..
2. District Judge - A - The Governor appoints district judges in consultation with the High Court..
3. Other judicial service officers - C - Recruitment is made under rules after consultation with the State Public Service Commission and High Court..
4. Chief Justice of High Court - B - The Chief Justice is appointed by the President..

10 Match the Following:

Age of retirement of High Court Judge Age of retirement of Supreme Court Judge Removal of High Court Judge Resignation of High Court Judge

65 years 62 years President after parliamentary address President of India Governor of the State

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	A	B	D	C
(B)	B	A	C	D
(C)	B	A	C	D
(D)	D	C	B	A

Correct Answer: (C) B-A-C-D

1. Age of retirement of High Court Judge - B - A High Court Judge retires at 62 years..
2. Age of retirement of Supreme Court Judge - A - A Supreme Court Judge retires at 65 years..
3. Removal of High Court Judge - C - Removal is by the President after the prescribed parliamentary process..
4. Resignation of High Court Judge - D - A High Court Judge resigns by writing to the President..

11 Match the Following:

High Court Judge's oath District Judge appointment Control over subordinate courts High Court administrative staff

Article 235 Article 219 Article 229 Article 233 Article 217

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	D	A	C
(B)	B	D	A	C
(C)	E	C	D	A
(D)	A	B	C	D

Correct Answer: (B) B-D-A-C

1. High Court Judge's oath - B - Article 219 deals with oath or affirmation by High Court Judges..
2. District Judge appointment - D - Article 233 deals with appointment of district judges..
3. Control over subordinate courts - A - Article 235 vests control in the High Court..
4. High Court administrative staff - C - Article 229 deals with officers and servants of High Courts..

12 Match the Following:

Article 219 Article 220 Article 221 Article 222

Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge Transfer of Judge Oath or affirmation by High Court Judges Salaries and allowances of Judges Appointment of additional Judges

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	A	D	B
(B)	A	C	B	D
(C)	D	B	A	C
(D)	B	D	C	A

Correct Answer: (A) C-A-D-B

1. Article 219 - C - It deals with oath or affirmation by High Court Judges..
2. Article 220 - A - It restricts practice before courts after being a permanent High Court Judge..
3. Article 221 - D - It deals with salaries and allowances of High Court Judges..
4. Article 222 - B - It deals with transfer of High Court Judges..

13 Match the Following:

High Court as Court of Record Supreme Court as Court of Record High Court writ power Supreme Court writ power

Article 129 Article 32 Article 215 Article 226 Article 136

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	A	D	B
(B)	C	A	D	B
(C)	D	C	A	B
(D)	B	D	C	A

Correct Answer: (B) C-A-D-B

1. High Court as Court of Record - C - Article 215 declares every High Court a court of record..
2. Supreme Court as Court of Record - A - Article 129 declares the Supreme Court a court of record..
3. High Court writ power - D - Article 226 empowers High Courts to issue writs..
4. Supreme Court writ power - B - Article 32 provides the Supreme Court's writ jurisdiction for fundamental rights..

14 Match the Following:

Article 136 Article 141 Article 142 Article 144

Law declared by Supreme Court binding on all courts All authorities to act in aid of Supreme Court Special leave to appeal Complete justice High Court superintendence

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	A	D	B
(B)	A	C	B	D
(C)	D	B	C	A
(D)	B	D	A	C

Correct Answer: (A) C-A-D-B

1. Article 136 - C - It provides the Supreme Court's special leave to appeal jurisdiction..
2. Article 141 - A - Law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts in India..
3. Article 142 - D - It empowers the Supreme Court to do complete justice..
4. Article 144 - B - All authorities, civil and judicial, must act in aid of the Supreme Court..

15 Match the Following:

Article 143 Article 145 Article 146 Article 147

Interpretation Rules of Court Advisory jurisdiction Officers and servants of Supreme Court High Court administration

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	B	D	A
(B)	C	B	D	A
(C)	A	D	B	C
(D)	D	A	C	B

Correct Answer: (B) C-B-D-A

1. Article 143 - C - It provides for the advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court..
2. Article 145 - B - It deals with rules of the Supreme Court..
3. Article 146 - D - It deals with officers and servants of the Supreme Court..
4. Article 147 - A - It contains an interpretation provision for this chapter..

16 Match the Following:

District Judge Sessions Judge Civil Judge (Senior Division) Civil Judge (Junior Division)

Try serious criminal offences at district level Head of district judiciary Higher-level civil jurisdiction below High Court Lower-level civil jurisdiction Constitutional court of final appeal

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	A	C	D
(B)	A	B	D	C
(C)	C	D	A	B
(D)	D	C	B	A

Correct Answer: (A) B-A-C-D

1. District Judge - B - The District Judge is the head of the district judiciary..
2. Sessions Judge - A - The Sessions Court deals with serious criminal offences at district level..
3. Civil Judge (Senior Division) - C - It exercises higher civil jurisdiction below the High Court..
4. Civil Judge (Junior Division) - D - It exercises comparatively lower civil jurisdiction..

17 Match the Following:

Article 233 Article 234 Article 235 Article 236

Control over subordinate courts Appointment of district judges Interpretation of terms Recruitment to judicial service other than district judges Jurisdiction of High Courts

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	D	A	C
(B)	D	B	C	A
(C)	B	D	A	C
(D)	C	A	D	B

Correct Answer: (C) B-D-A-C

1. Article 233 - B - It governs appointment of district judges..
2. Article 234 - D - It governs recruitment to judicial service other than district judges..
3. Article 235 - A - It vests control over subordinate courts in the High Court..
4. Article 236 - C - It defines terms such as district judge and judicial service for this chapter..

18 Match the Following:

Article 226 Article 227 Article 228 Article 229

Withdrawal of constitutional cases High Court staff Writ jurisdiction Superintendence Appointment of district judges

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	D	A	B
(B)	D	C	B	A
(C)	A	B	D	C
(D)	B	A	C	D

Correct Answer: (A) C-D-A-B

1. Article 226 - C - It provides the High Court's writ jurisdiction..
2. Article 227 - D - It provides the High Court's power of superintendence..
3. Article 228 - A - It deals with withdrawal of cases involving substantial constitutional questions..
4. Article 229 - B - It concerns officers and servants of High Courts..

19 Match the Following:

Article 230 Article 231 Article 214 Article 215

High Court as Court of Record Common High Court High Court for each State Extension of High Court jurisdiction to Union Territories Appointment of Judges

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	D	B	C	A
(B)	D	B	C	A
(C)	A	C	B	D
(D)	C	D	A	B

Correct Answer: (B) D-B-C-A

1. Article 230 - D - It permits extension of High Court jurisdiction to Union Territories..
2. Article 231 - B - It provides for establishment of a common High Court..
3. Article 214 - C - It provides for a High Court for each State..
4. Article 215 - A - It declares High Courts to be courts of record..

20 Match the Following:

Article 216 Article 217 Article 218 Article 219

Application of certain Supreme Court provisions Composition of High Court Appointment and conditions of office Oath or affirmation Transfer of Judges

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	C	A	D
(B)	C	D	B	A
(C)	A	B	D	C
(D)	D	A	C	B

Correct Answer: (A) B-C-A-D

1. Article 216 - B - It deals with the composition of a High Court..
2. Article 217 - C - It deals with appointment and conditions of office of High Court Judges..
3. Article 218 - A - It applies specified Supreme Court provisions to High Court Judges..
4. Article 219 - D - It provides for oath or affirmation by High Court Judges..

21 Match the Following:

Article 220 Article 221 Article 222 Article 223

Acting Chief Justice Transfer of Judge Salaries and allowances Restriction on practice Additional Judges

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	D	C	B	A
(B)	D	C	B	A
(C)	A	B	D	C
(D)	C	A	D	B

Correct Answer: (B) D-C-B-A

1. Article 220 - D - It imposes restrictions on practice after holding office as a permanent High Court Judge..
2. Article 221 - C - It deals with salaries and allowances..
3. Article 222 - B - It deals with transfer of High Court Judges..
4. Article 223 - A - It provides for an acting Chief Justice..

22 Match the Following:

Article 224 Article 224A Article 225 Article 226

Jurisdiction of existing High Courts Writ jurisdiction Retired Judges sitting in High Courts Additional and acting Judges Common High Court

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	D	C	A	B
(B)	C	D	B	A
(C)	A	B	D	C
(D)	B	A	C	D

Correct Answer: (A) D-C-A-B

1. Article 224 - D - It deals with additional and acting Judges..
2. Article 224A - C - It permits retired Judges to sit in High Courts..
3. Article 225 - A - It concerns the jurisdiction of existing High Courts..
4. Article 226 - B - It provides for writ jurisdiction of High Courts..

23 Match the Following:

Article 227 Article 228 Article 229 Article 230

High Court staff Extension to Union Territories Superintendence Withdrawal of constitutional cases Common High Court

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	D	A	B
(B)	C	D	A	B
(C)	A	B	D	C
(D)	D	C	B	A

Correct Answer: (B) C-D-A-B

1. Article 227 - C - It gives the High Court supervisory power over subordinate courts and tribunals..
2. Article 228 - D - It permits withdrawal of certain cases involving substantial constitutional questions..
3. Article 229 - A - It concerns officers and servants of High Courts..
4. Article 230 - B - It deals with extension of High Court jurisdiction to Union Territories..

24 Match the Following:

Article 231 Article 233 Article 234 Article 235

Control over subordinate courts Common High Court Recruitment other than district judges Appointment of district judges Retirement of Judges

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	D	C	A
(B)	D	B	A	C
(C)	A	C	D	B
(D)	C	A	B	D

Correct Answer: (A) B-D-C-A

1. Article 231 - B - It provides for a common High Court..
2. Article 233 - D - It deals with appointment of district judges..
3. Article 234 - C - It deals with recruitment to judicial service other than district judges..
4. Article 235 - A - It vests control over subordinate courts in the High Court..

25 Match the Following:

Article 129 Article 215 Article 136 Article 226

High Court writ jurisdiction Supreme Court Court of Record Special leave to appeal High Court Court of Record Advisory jurisdiction

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	D	C	A
(B)	B	D	C	A
(C)	D	B	A	C
(D)	C	A	D	B

Correct Answer: (B) B-D-C-A

1. Article 129 - B - It declares the Supreme Court a court of record..
2. Article 215 - D - It declares every High Court a court of record..
3. Article 136 - C - It provides special leave to appeal..
4. Article 226 - A - It confers writ jurisdiction on High Courts..

26 Match the Following:

Appointment of High Court Judge Appointment of District Judge Recruitment to subordinate judicial service Transfer of High Court Judge

Governor in consultation with High Court President Governor according to rules and after prescribed consultation President after consultation with Chief Justice of India Chief Minister

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	A	C	D
(B)	D	B	A	C
(C)	A	C	D	B
(D)	C	D	B	A

Correct Answer: (A) B-A-C-D

1. Appointment of High Court Judge - B - The President appoints High Court Judges..
2. Appointment of District Judge - A - The Governor appoints district judges in consultation with the High Court..
3. Recruitment to subordinate judicial service - C - It is governed by rules made after consultation with the State Public Service Commission and High Court..
4. Transfer of High Court Judge - D - The President transfers Judges after consultation with the Chief Justice of India..

27 Match the Following:

High Court District Court Subordinate Civil Court Supreme Court

Highest constitutional court State's highest court District-level judicial institution Lower-level civil judicial institution Legislative court

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	C	D	A
(B)	B	C	D	A
(C)	D	B	A	C
(D)	A	D	C	B

Correct Answer: (B) B-C-D-A

1. High Court - B - The High Court is the highest court at the State level..
2. District Court - C - It functions as the principal judicial institution at district level..
3. Subordinate Civil Court - D - It exercises civil jurisdiction below the district/high court level..
4. Supreme Court - A - The Supreme Court is India's apex constitutional court..

28 Match the Following:

High Court writ jurisdiction Supreme Court Article 32 jurisdiction High Court Article 227 jurisdiction Supreme Court Article 136 jurisdiction

Special leave to appeal Enforcement of Fundamental Rights Superintendence over subordinate courts Writs for Fundamental Rights and other purposes Advisory opinion

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	D	B	C	A
(B)	B	D	A	C
(C)	C	A	D	B
(D)	A	C	B	D

Correct Answer: (A) D-B-C-A

1. High Court writ jurisdiction - D - Article 226 permits writs for Fundamental Rights and other purposes..
2. Supreme Court Article 32 jurisdiction - B - Article 32 concerns enforcement of Fundamental Rights..
3. High Court Article 227 jurisdiction - C - Article 227 concerns superintendence over subordinate courts and tribunals..
4. Supreme Court Article 136 jurisdiction - A - Article 136 provides special leave to appeal..

29 Match the Following:

Habeas Corpus Mandamus Prohibition Quo Warranto

Public office Unlawful detention Public duty Inferior court proceeding Private contract

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	C	D	A
(B)	B	C	D	A
(C)	A	D	B	C
(D)	D	B	C	A

Correct Answer: (B) B-C-D-A

1. Habeas Corpus - B - It protects against unlawful detention..
2. Mandamus - C - It commands performance of a public duty..
3. Prohibition - D - It prevents an inferior court or tribunal from exceeding jurisdiction..
4. Quo Warranto - A - It questions the authority to occupy a public office..

30 Match the Following:

Judicial review Judicial independence Judicial activism Judicial restraint

Deference to elected branches within constitutional limits Protection against unconstitutional state action Active interpretation to address constitutional rights and governance issues Institutional autonomy from improper executive or legislative influence Legislative supremacy without constitutional limits

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	D	C	A
(B)	A	B	D	C
(C)	C	A	B	D
(D)	D	C	A	B

Correct Answer: (A) B-D-C-A

1. Judicial review - B - It enables courts to examine the constitutional validity of state action..
2. Judicial independence - D - It protects courts from improper external influence..
3. Judicial activism - C - It involves an active judicial approach to constitutional and rights issues..
4. Judicial restraint - A - It emphasizes judicial deference within constitutional boundaries..

31 Match the Following:

Security of tenure of High Court Judge Salary charged on Consolidated Fund Removal of Judge Post-retirement practice restriction

Article 220 Parliamentary address and Presidential order Constitutional protection of judicial independence Charged expenditure Governor's pleasure

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	D	B	A
(B)	C	D	B	A
(C)	B	C	D	A
(D)	D	A	C	B

Correct Answer: (B) C-D-B-A

1. Security of tenure of High Court Judge - C - Constitutional safeguards protect judicial independence..
2. Salary charged on Consolidated Fund - D - High Court Judges' salaries are charged expenditure of the State's Consolidated Fund..
3. Removal of Judge - B - A High Court Judge is removed by the President following the parliamentary address procedure..
4. Post-retirement practice restriction - A - Article 220 imposes restrictions on practice after permanent High Court judgeship..

32 Match the Following:

Appointment of Chief Justice of High Court Transfer of Chief Justice of High Court Appointment of other High Court Judges Removal of High Court Judge

President President following parliamentary process President after consultation with Chief Justice of India President after consultation with relevant constitutional authorities Governor alone

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	A	C	D	B
(B)	D	A	B	C
(C)	B	D	A	C
(D)	C	B	A	D

Correct Answer: (A) A-C-D-B

1. Appointment of Chief Justice of High Court - A - The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President..
2. Transfer of Chief Justice of High Court - C - Transfer is made by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India..
3. Appointment of other High Court Judges - D - The President makes the appointment after the constitutionally prescribed consultation..
4. Removal of High Court Judge - B - Removal requires the parliamentary address process followed by Presidential order..

33 Match the Following:

Chief Justice of High Court Acting Chief Justice Additional Judge Retired Judge sitting in High Court

Article 224A Article 217 Article 223 Article 224 Article 222

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	C	D	A
(B)	B	C	D	A
(C)	C	B	A	D
(D)	D	A	B	C

Correct Answer: (B) B-C-D-A

1. Chief Justice of High Court - B - Article 217 governs appointment and conditions of office of High Court Judges, including the Chief Justice..
2. Acting Chief Justice - C - Article 223 provides for an acting Chief Justice..
3. Additional Judge - D - Article 224 deals with additional and acting Judges..
4. Retired Judge sitting in High Court - A - Article 224A permits retired Judges to sit in High Courts..

34 Match the Following:

Article 32 Article 226 Article 227 Article 136

Special Leave Petition Superintendence of High Court Supreme Court writ jurisdiction High Court writ jurisdiction Advisory jurisdiction

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	D	B	A
(B)	D	C	A	B
(C)	A	B	D	C
(D)	B	A	C	D

Correct Answer: (A) C-D-B-A

1. Article 32 - C - It provides the Supreme Court's writ jurisdiction for enforcement of Fundamental Rights..
2. Article 226 - D - It provides the High Court's writ jurisdiction..
3. Article 227 - B - It provides High Court superintendence over subordinate courts and tribunals..
4. Article 136 - A - It provides the Supreme Court's special leave to appeal jurisdiction..

35 Match the Following:

Article 217(1) Article 217(2) Article 217(3) Article 218

Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court Qualifications for appointment Conditions relating to age determination Appointment and term-related provisions Salary of Judges

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	D	B	C	A
(B)	B	D	A	C
(C)	C	A	D	B
(D)	A	C	B	D

Correct Answer: (A) D-B-C-A

1. Article 217(1) - D - It concerns appointment and term-related provisions for High Court Judges..
2. Article 217(2) - B - It specifies qualifications for appointment as a High Court Judge..
3. Article 217(3) - C - It deals with determination of the age of a High Court Judge..
4. Article 218 - A - It applies specified provisions concerning Supreme Court Judges to High Court Judges..

36 Match the Following:

High Court's power of contempt Supreme Court's power of contempt High Court writs High Court superintendence

Article 129 Article 226 Article 215 Article 227 Article 32

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	A	B	D
(B)	C	A	B	D
(C)	D	C	A	B
(D)	A	D	C	B

Correct Answer: (B) C-A-B-D

1. High Court's power of contempt - C - Article 215 gives High Courts the status of courts of record and contempt power..
2. Supreme Court's power of contempt - A - Article 129 makes the Supreme Court a court of record with contempt power..
3. High Court writs - B - Article 226 empowers High Courts to issue writs..
4. High Court superintendence - D - Article 227 provides supervisory jurisdiction..

37 Match the Following:

Article 229(1) Article 229(2) Article 230 Article 231

Common High Court Extension of jurisdiction to Union Territories Appointment of officers and servants Conditions of service of High Court staff Appointment of district judges

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	D	B	A
(B)	D	C	A	B
(C)	B	A	D	C
(D)	A	B	C	D

Correct Answer: (A) C-D-B-A

1. Article 229(1) - C - The Chief Justice controls appointments of officers and servants of the High Court subject to constitutional provisions..
2. Article 229(2) - D - It concerns conditions of service of High Court staff..
3. Article 230 - B - It provides for extension of High Court jurisdiction to Union Territories..
4. Article 231 - A - It provides for a common High Court..

38 Match the Following:

District Judge with seven years' advocacy experience District Judge appointment authority Consultation for district judge appointment Recruitment to other judicial service

High Court Governor At least seven years as advocate or pleader State Public Service Commission and High Court Supreme Court

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	B	A	D
(B)	C	B	A	D
(C)	D	A	B	C
(D)	A	D	C	B

Correct Answer: (B) C-B-A-D

1. District Judge with seven years' advocacy experience - C - Article 233 requires at least seven years as advocate or pleader for the relevant eligibility route..
2. District Judge appointment authority - B - The Governor makes the appointment..
3. Consultation for district judge appointment - A - The High Court must be consulted..
4. Recruitment to other judicial service - D - It involves consultation with the State Public Service Commission and High Court..

39 Match the Following:

Article 233 Article 234 Article 235 Article 237

Application to certain magistrates Appointment of district judges Recruitment to other judicial service Control over subordinate courts High Court transfer jurisdiction

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	C	D	A
(B)	D	B	A	C
(C)	C	A	B	D
(D)	A	D	C	B

Correct Answer: (A) B-C-D-A

1. Article 233 - B - It concerns appointment of district judges..
2. Article 234 - C - It concerns recruitment to judicial service other than district judges..
3. Article 235 - D - It vests control over subordinate courts in the High Court..
4. Article 237 - A - It permits application of the provisions to certain magistrates..

40 Match the Following:

Judicial review of legislation Judicial review of executive action Writ of Mandamus Writ of Quo Warranto

Questions illegal public office occupation Tests constitutional validity of legislation Tests legality of executive action Compels performance of public duty Reviews private contracts only

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	C	D	A
(B)	B	C	D	A
(C)	D	A	B	C
(D)	A	D	C	B

Correct Answer: (B) B-C-D-A

1. Judicial review of legislation - B - Courts can test legislation against constitutional limitations..
2. Judicial review of executive action - C - Courts can examine executive action for constitutional and legal validity..
3. Writ of Mandamus - D - It compels performance of a public legal duty..
4. Writ of Quo Warranto - A - It challenges unlawful occupation of a public office..

41 Match the Following:

High Court Judge qualification District Judge direct recruitment qualification High Court Judge retirement age Supreme Court Judge retirement age

65 years 62 years At least 10 years' judicial office or 10 years' advocacy practice At least 7 years as advocate or pleader 60 years

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	D	B	A
(B)	D	C	A	B
(C)	A	B	D	C
(D)	B	A	C	D

Correct Answer: (A) C-D-B-A

1. High Court Judge qualification - C - The Constitution requires ten years' judicial office or ten years' advocacy at a High Court level or above as specified..
2. District Judge direct recruitment qualification - D - The Constitution requires at least seven years as an advocate or pleader..
3. High Court Judge retirement age - B - A High Court Judge retires at 62 years..
4. Supreme Court Judge retirement age - A - A Supreme Court Judge retires at 65 years..

42 Match the Following:

Article 217 Article 220 Article 221 Article 222

Salaries and allowances Transfer Appointment and conditions of office Restriction on practice Retired Judges

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	D	A	B
(B)	C	D	A	B
(C)	A	B	D	C
(D)	B	C	A	D

Correct Answer: (B) C-D-A-B

1. Article 217 - C - It deals with appointment and conditions of office of High Court Judges..
2. Article 220 - D - It deals with restrictions on practice after permanent judgeship..
3. Article 221 - A - It deals with salaries and allowances..
4. Article 222 - B - It deals with transfer of Judges..

43 Match the Following:

Article 224A Article 225 Article 226 Article 227

Existing jurisdiction Superintendence Retired Judges Writs Judicial appointments

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	A	D	B
(B)	A	C	B	D
(C)	D	B	A	C
(D)	B	D	C	A

Correct Answer: (A) C-A-D-B

1. Article 224A - C - It concerns retired Judges sitting in High Courts..
2. Article 225 - A - It preserves the jurisdiction of existing High Courts subject to constitutional provisions..
3. Article 226 - D - It provides for High Court writ jurisdiction..
4. Article 227 - B - It provides the High Court's power of superintendence..

44 Match the Following:

High Court contempt jurisdiction High Court writ jurisdiction High Court appellate jurisdiction High Court supervisory jurisdiction

Appeals from subordinate courts Article 215 Article 226 Article 227 Article 231

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	C	A	D
(B)	B	C	A	D
(C)	C	D	B	A
(D)	D	A	C	B

Correct Answer: (B) B-C-A-D

1. High Court contempt jurisdiction - B - Article 215 makes every High Court a court of record..
2. High Court writ jurisdiction - C - Article 226 provides the High Court's writ power..
3. High Court appellate jurisdiction - A - High Courts hear appeals from subordinate courts subject to applicable law..
4. High Court supervisory jurisdiction - D - Article 227 provides the power of superintendence..

45 Match the Following:

Constitutional remedy under Article 226 Superintendence under Article 227 Withdrawal under Article 228 Staff under Article 229

High Court officers and servants Constitutional question in subordinate court case Writs Superintendence over subordinate courts Appointment of district judges

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	C	D	B	A
(B)	D	C	A	B
(C)	B	A	D	C
(D)	A	B	C	D

Correct Answer: (A) C-D-B-A

1. Constitutional remedy under Article 226 - C - High Courts can issue constitutional writs under Article 226..
2. Superintendence under Article 227 - D - Article 227 gives the High Court superintendence over subordinate courts and tribunals..
3. Withdrawal under Article 228 - B - It concerns cases involving substantial questions of constitutional interpretation..
4. Staff under Article 229 - A - It concerns officers and servants of High Courts..

46 Match the Following:

Article 233 Article 234 Article 235 Article 236

Judicial service definitions District Judge appointment High Court control Other judicial service recruitment High Court writs

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	B	D	C	A
(B)	B	D	C	A
(C)	C	A	D	B
(D)	A	C	B	D

Correct Answer: (B) B-D-C-A

1. Article 233 - B - It provides for appointment of district judges..
2. Article 234 - D - It provides for recruitment to judicial service other than district judges..
3. Article 235 - C - It vests control over subordinate courts in the High Court..
4. Article 236 - A - It contains definitions relevant to subordinate courts..

47 Match the Following:

Article 237 Article 233A Article 214 Article 215

High Court as Court of Record Validation of certain district judge appointments and judgments High Court for each State Application of subordinate court provisions to certain magistrates Transfer of Judges

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	D	B	C	A
(B)	B	D	A	C
(C)	C	A	D	B
(D)	A	C	B	D

Correct Answer: (A) D-B-C-A

1. Article 237 - D - It permits application of subordinate court provisions to certain magistrates..
2. Article 233A - B - It validated certain district judge appointments, postings, promotions and judgments retrospectively..
3. Article 214 - C - It provides for a High Court for each State..
4. Article 215 - A - It declares every High Court to be a court of record..

48 Match the Following:

Common High Court High Court for a State High Court jurisdiction over Union Territory High Court Court of Record

Article 231 Article 214 Article 230 Article 215 Article 233

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	A	B	C	D
(B)	A	B	C	D
(C)	D	C	B	A
(D)	B	A	D	C

Correct Answer: (B) A-B-C-D

1. Common High Court - A - Article 231 provides for a common High Court..
2. High Court for a State - B - Article 214 provides for a High Court for each State..
3. High Court jurisdiction over Union Territory - C - Article 230 permits extension of jurisdiction to Union Territories..
4. High Court Court of Record - D - Article 215 declares High Courts to be courts of record..

49 Match the Following:

High Court Judge's resignation High Court Judge's transfer High Court Judge's removal High Court Judge's retirement

President President after prescribed parliamentary process President by transfer order after consultation with Chief Justice of India 62 years Governor

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	A	C	B	D
(B)	D	A	C	B
(C)	B	D	A	C
(D)	C	B	D	A

Correct Answer: (A) A-C-B-D

1. High Court Judge's resignation - A - A High Court Judge resigns by writing to the President..
2. High Court Judge's transfer - C - The President transfers a Judge after consultation with the Chief Justice of India..
3. High Court Judge's removal - B - The President removes a Judge after the constitutionally prescribed parliamentary process..
4. High Court Judge's retirement - D - The retirement age of a High Court Judge is 62 years..

50 Match the Following:

High Court's writ jurisdiction High Court's power of superintendence High Court's power to withdraw constitutional cases High Court's control over subordinate courts

Article 235 Article 227 Article 228 Article 226 Article 215

Options	1	2	3	4
(A)	D	B	C	A
(B)	D	B	C	A
(C)	B	D	A	C
(D)	C	A	D	B

Correct Answer: (B) D-B-C-A

1. High Court's writ jurisdiction - D - Article 226 empowers High Courts to issue writs..
2. High Court's power of superintendence - B - Article 227 provides superintendence over subordinate courts and tribunals..
3. High Court's power to withdraw constitutional cases - C - Article 228 permits withdrawal of certain cases involving substantial constitutional questions..
4. High Court's control over subordinate courts - A - Article 235 vests control over subordinate courts in the High Court..